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Rattanagraikanakorn, B. (author), Blom, H.A.P. (author), Sharpanskykh, Alexei (author), de Wagter, C. (author), Jiang, C. (author), Schuurman, M.J. (author), Gransden, Derek I. (author), Happee, R. (author)Evaluating safety risk posed to third parties on the ground due to UAS impact requires a model of probability of fatality (PoF) for human. For quadrotor UAS, the existing impact models predict remarkably different PoFs. The most pessimistic is the impact model adopted by Range Commanders Council (RCC) while the Blunt Criterion model is far...conference paper 2020
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Doubek, F.H. (author), Loosveld, Erik (author), Happee, R. (author), de Winter, J.C.F. (author)In highly automated driving, the driver can engage in a nondriving task but sometimes has to take over control. We argue that current takeover quality measures, such as the maximum longitudinal acceleration, are insufficient because they ignore the criticality of the scenario. This paper proposes a novel method of quantifying how well the...journal article 2020
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Rattanagraikanakorn, B. (author), Schuurman, M.J. (author), Gransden, Derek I. (author), Happee, R. (author), de Wagter, C. (author), Sharpanskykh, Alexei (author), Blom, H.A.P. (author)Recent developments in the concept of UAS operations in urban areas have led to risk concerns of UAS collision with human. To better understand this risk, head and neck injuries due to UAS collisions have been investigated by different research teams using crash dummies. Because of the limitations in biofidelity of a crash dummy, head injury...journal article 2020
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Mullakkal-Babu, F.A. (author), Wang, M. (author), He, X. (author), van Arem, B. (author), Happee, R. (author)We present an approach to assess the risk taken by on-road vehicles within the framework of artificial field theory, envisioned for safety analysis and design of driving support/automation applications. Here, any obstacle (neighboring entity on the road) to the subject vehicle is treated as a finite scalar risk field that is formulated in the...journal article 2020
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Dialynas, G. (author), de Haan, Jelle (author), Schouten, A.C. (author), Happee, R. (author), Schwab, A.L. (author)The objective of this study was to identify the dynamic response of the bicycle rider’s body during translational perturbations, in an effort to improve two-wheeler safety and comfort. A bicycle mock-up was equipped with sensors measuring three-dimensional seat and trunk accelerations and rider’s force responses at the seat, handlebars, and...journal article 2020
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Nordhoff, S. (author), Louw, Tyron (author), Innamaa, Satu (author), Lethonen, Esko (author), Beuster, Anja (author), Torrao, Guilhermina (author), Bjorvatn, Afsaneh (author), Kessel, Tanja (author), Malin, Fanny (author), Happee, R. (author), Merat, Natasha (author)We investigated public acceptance of conditionally automated (SAE Level 3) passenger cars using a questionnaire study among 9,118 car-drivers in eight European countries, as part of the European L3Pilot project. 71.06% of respondents considered conditionally automated cars easy to use while 28.03% of respondents planned to buy a conditionally...journal article 2020
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Stapel, J.C.J. (author), El Hassnaoui, Mounir (author), Happee, R. (author)Objective: To investigate how well gaze behavior can indicate driver awareness of individual road users when related to the vehicle’s road scene perception. Background: An appropriate method is required to identify how driver gaze reveals awareness of other road users. Method: We developed a recognition-based method for labeling of driver...journal article 2020
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Mullakkal-Babu, F.A. (author), Wang, M. (author), van Arem, B. (author), Happee, R. (author)Existing microscopic traffic models represent the lane-changing maneuver as a continuous and uninterrupted lateral movement of the vehicle from its original to the target lane. We term this representation as Continuous Lane-Changing (CLC). Recent empirical studies find that not all lane-changing maneuvers are continuous; the lane-changer may...journal article 2020
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Nordhoff, S. (author), de Winter, J.C.F. (author), Payre, William (author), van Arem, B. (author), Happee, R. (author)In the future, automated shuttles may provide on-demand transport and serve as feeders to public transport systems. However, automated shuttles will only become widely used if they are accepted by the public. This paper presents results of an interview study with 30 users of an automated shuttle on the EUREF (Europäisches Energieforum) campus in...journal article 2019
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Nordhoff, S. (author), Kyriakidis, M. (author), van Arem, B. (author), Happee, R. (author)Automated vehicle acceptance (AVA) is a necessary condition for the realisation of higher-level objectives such as improvements in road safety, reductions in traffic congestion and environmental pollution. On the basis of a systematic literature review of 124 empirical studies, the present study proposes MAVA, a multi-level model to predict...review 2019
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Zhang, Bo (author), Lu, Z. (author), Happee, R. (author), de Winter, J.C.F. (author), Martens, Marieke (author)In the context of automated driving, a monitoring request (MR) is a means to prepare drivers for a take-over event. However, driver compliance may be an issue because not all MRs require a take-over. In this study, we investigated how drivers’ compliance with MRs was associated with previously experienced scenarios. The compliance level was...conference paper 2019
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Irmak, T. (author), Pool, D.M. (author), Happee, R. (author)Background: Motion sickness (MS) as an area of scientific inquiry has mostly seen experimental work. A range of models attempt to predict MS, but have not been validated for a broad selection of sickening motion stimuli. By doing so this study aims to identify models that lead to better sickness predictions. Lastly, the study will also elaborate...abstract 2019
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Dreger, F.A. (author), de Winter, J.C.F. (author), Happee, R. (author)Freeway merging of heavy goods vehicles (HGV) is a safety–critical manoeuvre. However, at present, it is largely unknown how HGV drivers perceive and execute the merging manoeuvre, and how current advanced driver support and automation systems (ADAS) contribute. We performed semi-structured in-depth interviews with 15 HGV drivers to assess...journal article 2019
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Bazilinskyy, P. (author), Bijker, Laurens (author), Dielissen, Tim (author), French, Shin (author), Mooijman, Tom (author), Peters, Luka (author), Happee, R. (author), Dodou, D. (author), de Winter, J.C.F. (author)This study is the third iteration in a series of studies aimed to develop a system that allows driving blindfolded. We used a sonification approach, where the predicted angular error of the car 2 seconds into the future was translated into spatialized beeping sounds. In a driving simulator experiment, we tested with 20 participants whether a...conference paper 2019
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Zhang, Bo (author), de Winter, J.C.F. (author), Varotto, S.F. (author), Happee, R. (author), Martens, Marieke (author)An important question in automated driving research is how quickly drivers take over control of the vehicle in response to a critical event or a take-over request. Although a large number of studies have been performed, results vary strongly. In this study, we investigated mean take-over times from 129 studies with SAE level 2 automation or...journal article 2019
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SafeVRU: A research platform for the interaction of self-driving vehicles with vulnerable road usersFerranti, L. (author), Ferreira de Brito, B.F. (author), Pool, E.A.I. (author), Zheng, Y. (author), Ensing, R.M. (author), Happee, R. (author), Shyrokau, B. (author), Kooij, J.F.P. (author), Alonso-Mora, J. (author), Gavrila, D. (author)This paper presents our research platform SafeVRU for the interaction of self-driving vehicles with Vulnerable Road Users (VRUs, i.e., pedestrians and cyclists). The paper details the design (implemented with a modular structure within ROS) of the full stack of vehicle localization, environment perception, motion planning, and control, with...conference paper 2019
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Stapel, J.C.J. (author), Mullakkal-Babu, F.A. (author), Happee, R. (author)Driver mental workload is an important factor in the operational safety of automated driving. In this study, workload was evaluated subjectively (NASA R-TLX) and objectively (auditory detection-response task) on Dutch public highways (∼150 km) comparing manual and supervised automated driving in a Tesla Model S with moderators automation...journal article 2019
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Grottoli, M. (author), Cleij, D. (author), Pretto, Paolo (author), Lemmens, Yves (author), Happee, R. (author), Bülthoff, Heinrich H. (author)Optimization-based motion cueing algorithms based on model predictive control have been recently implemented to reproduce the motion of a car within the limited workspace of a driving simulator. These algorithms require a reference of the future vehicle motion to compute a prediction of the system response. Assumptions regarding the future...journal article 2019
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Wang, M. (author), van Maarseveen, Sander (author), Happee, R. (author), Tool, Onno (author), van Arem, B. (author)Truck platooning attracts considerable attention thanks to the promising fuel consumption benefits and business model. Nevertheless, concerns over the influence of long truck platoons on other traffic are raised by road operators. It is intriguing to understand under what conditions truck platooning will influence other traffic and what are...journal article 2019
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de Winter, J.C.F. (author), Dodou, D. (author), Happee, R. (author), Eisma, Y.B. (author)Vehicles are increasingly equipped with sensors that measure the state of the vehicle and surrounding road users. Although most of these sensor data currently remain local to the vehicle, the data could be shared with the aim to improve road safety. We postulate that there is a range of scenarios regarding data sharing, with two extremes: In...journal article 2019