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Shen, C. (author), Zhang, P. (author), Dollevoet, R.P.B.J. (author), Zoeteman, A. (author), Li, Z. (author)While various train-borne techniques have been developed for measuring railway track stiffness, differentiating stiffness at different track layers remains a challenge. This study proposes a digital twin framework for the vehicle–track interaction system, which enables track stiffness evaluations based on axle box accelerations (ABA). The...journal article 2023