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Theoretical minimum uncertainty of single-molecule localizations using a single-photon avalanche diode array

Houwink, Quint (author), Kalisvaart, D. (author), Hung, S. (author), Cnossen, J.P. (author), Fan, D. (author), Mos, Paul (author), Ülkü, Arin Can (author), Bruschini, Claudio (author), Charbon-Iwasaki-Charbon, E. (author), Smith, C.S. (author)

Single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD) arrays can be used for single-molecule localization microscopy (SMLM) because of their high frame rate and lack of readout noise. SPAD arrays have a binary frame output, which means photon arrivals should be described as a binomial process rather than a Poissonian process. Consequentially, the theoretical...

journal article 2021

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Thermodynamic modelling assessment of the ternary system Cs-Mo-O

Smith, A.L. (author), Pham Thi, T. N. (author), Guéneau, C. (author), Dumas, J. (author), Epifano, E. (author), van Burik, W. (author), Dupin, N. (author)

This work reports the thermodynamic modelling assessment of the rather complex Cs-Mo-O system, which is key for the understanding of fission products chemistry in oxide fuelled Light Water Reactors (LWRs) and next generation Sodium-cooled and Lead-cooled Fast Reactors (SFRs and LFRs). The model accounts for the existence of the ternary...

journal article 2021

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Cation-Driven Increases of CO₂Utilization in a Bipolar Membrane Electrode Assembly for CO₂Electrolysis

Yang, K. (author), Li, Mengran (author), Subramanian, S.S. (author), Blommaert, M.A. (author), Smith, W.A. (author), Burdyny, T.E. (author)

Advancing reaction rates for electrochemical CO2 reduction in membrane electrode assemblies (MEAs) have boosted the promise of the technology while exposing new shortcomings. Among these is the maximum utilization of CO2, which is capped at 50% (CO as targeted product) due to unwanted homogeneous reactions. Using bipolar membranes in an MEA ...

journal article 2021

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Risk blindness in local perspectives about the Alberta oil sands hinders Canada's decarbonization

Virla, Luis D. (author), van de Ven, Dirk Jan (author), Sampedro, Jon (author), van Vliet, Oscar (author), Smith, Alistair (author), Pollitt, Hector (author), Della Santina, C. (author)

Local perspectives can conflict with national and international climate targets. This study explores three stakeholder (community, provincial, and federal) perspectives on the Alberta oil sands as risks for a sustainability transition in Canada. In an ex-post analysis, we compared outputs from stakeholder consultations and energy-economy...

journal article 2021

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Operando Infrared Spectroscopy Reveals the Dynamic Nature of Semiconductor-Electrolyte Interface in Multinary Metal Oxide Photoelectrodes

Venugopal, A. (author), Kas, Recep (author), Hau, Kayeu (author), Smith, W.A. (author)

Detailed knowledge about the semiconductor/electrolyte interface in photoelectrochemical (PEC) systems has been lacking because of the inherent difficulty of studying such interfaces, especially during operation. Current understandings of these interfaces are mostly from the extrapolation of ex situ data or from modeling approaches. Hence,...

journal article 2021

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Experimental and Computational Exploration of the NaF-ThF₄Fuel System: Structure and Thermochemistry

Schreuder, Maarten B.J.W. (author), Ocadiz flores, J.A. (author), Gheribi, Aimen E. (author), Beneš, Ondrej (author), Griveau, Jean Christophe (author), Colineau, Eric (author), Konings, R. (author), Smith, A.L. (author)

The structural, thermochemical, and thermophysical properties of the NaF-ThF4 fuel system were studied with experimental methods and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Equilibrium MD (EMD) simulations using the polarizable ion model were performed to calculate the density, molar volume, thermal expansion, mixing enthalpy, heat capacity, and...

journal article 2021

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Accelerating ¹H NMR Detection of Aqueous Ammonia

Kolen, M. (author), Smith, W.A. (author), Mulder, F.M. (author)

Direct electrolytic N2 reduction to ammonia (NH3) is a renewable alternative to the Haber-Bosch process. The activity and selectivity of electrocatalysts are evaluated by measuring the amount of NH3 in the electrolyte. Quantitative 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (qNMR) detection reduces the bench time to analyze samples of NH3 (present in the...

journal article 2021

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Experimental studies and thermodynamic assessment of the Ba-Mo-O system by the CALPHAD method

Smith, A.L. (author), Rutten, M. (author), Herrmann, L. (author), Epifano, E. (author), Konings, R. (author), Colineau, E. (author), Griveau, J. C. (author), Guéneau, C. (author), Dupin, N. (author)

Thermodynamic measurements on BaMoO₄, BaMoO₃ and BaMo₃O₁₀ are reported, that served as input for the development of a thermodynamic model of the Ba-Mo-O system using the CALPHAD methodology. The valence states of molybdenum in BaMoO₄ and BaMoO₃ were confirmed to be VI and IV,...

journal article 2021

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Along the Channel Gradients Impact on the Spatioactivity of Gas Diffusion Electrodes at High Conversions during CO₂Electroreduction

Kas, Recep (author), Star, Andrew G. (author), Yang, K. (author), Van Cleve, Tim (author), Neyerlin, Kenneth C. (author), Smith, W.A. (author)

Results of a 2-D transport model for a gas diffusion electrode performing CO2 reduction to CO with a flowing catholyte are presented, including the concentration gradients along the flow cell, spatial distribution of the current density and local pH in the catalyst layer. The model predicts that both the concentration of CO2 and the buffer...

journal article 2021

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Role of the Carbon-Based Gas Diffusion Layer on Flooding in a Gas Diffusion Electrode Cell for Electrochemical CO₂ Reduction

Yang, K. (author), Kas, Recep (author), Smith, W.A. (author), Burdyny, T.E. (author)

The deployment of gas diffusion electrodes (GDEs) for the electrochemical CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR) has enabled current densities an order of magnitude greater than those of aqueous H cells. The gains in production, however, have come with stability challenges due to rapid flooding of GDEs, which frustrate both laboratory experiments and...

journal article 2021

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New insights into the Cs-Mo-O system: Experimental studies of the Cs₂MoO₄-MoO₃ pseudo-binary system

Smith, A.L. (author), Vlieland, J. (author), Pignié, M. C. (author), Abbink, M. (author), Mikaelian, G. (author), Benigni, P. (author)

The ternary cesium molybdates Cs₂Mo₂O₇, Cs₂Mo₃O₁₀, Cs₂Mo₅O₁₆ and Cs₂Mo₇O₂₂ have been synthesized in this work using a solid state route and their structures have been characterized using X-ray diffraction. The...

journal article 2021

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Orientation of a bipolar membrane determines the dominant ion and carbonic species transport in membrane electrode assemblies for CO₂reduction

Blommaert, M.A. (author), sharifian, rezvan (author), Shah, N. (author), Nesbitt, N.T. (author), Smith, W.A. (author), Vermaas, D.A. (author)

A bipolar membrane (BPM), consisting of a cation and an anion exchange layer (CEL and AEL), can be used in an electrochemical cell in two orientations: reverse bias and forward bias. A reverse bias is traditionally used to facilitate water dissociation and control the pH at either side. A forward bias has been proposed for several...

journal article 2021

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Thermodynamic Assessment of the AF–CrF3 (A = Li, Na, K) and CrF2–CrF3 Systems

Dumaire, T. (author), Konings, R. (author), Smith, A.L. (author)

Understanding the corrosion mechanisms and the effect of corrosion products on the basic properties of the salt (e.g., melting point, heat capacity) is fundamental for the safety assessment and durability of molten salt reactor technology. This work focused on the thermodynamic assessment of the CrF2−CrF3 system and the binary systems of...

journal article 2021

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The second-order effect of Earth’s rotation on Cryosat-2 fully focused SAR processing

Kleinherenbrink, M. (author), Smith, Walter H.F. (author), Naeije, M.C. (author), Slobbe, D.C. (author), Hoogeboom, P. (author)

We investigated the sensitivity of fully focused SAR (FF-SAR) processing of Cryosat-2 altimeter data to Earth rotation. Earth’s rotation causes scatterers at varying cross-track locations to have a different relative velocity with respect to the satellite. This second-order effect of Earth rotation on the phase is currently not corrected for...

journal article 2020

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Design principles for efficient photoelectrodes in solar rechargeable redox flow cell applications

Bae, D. (author), Kanellos, Gerasimos (author), Faasse, G.M. (author), Dražević, Emil (author), Venugopal, A. (author), Smith, W.A. (author)

Recent advances in photoelectrochemical redox flow cells, such as solar redox flow batteries, have received much attention as an alternative integrated technology for simultaneous conversion and storage of solar energy. Theoretically, it has been reported that even single- photon devices can demonstrate unbiased photo-charging with high solar-to...

journal article 2020

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Hidden Figures of Photo-charging: a thermo-electrochemical approach for a solar-rechargeable redox flow cell system

Bae, D. (author), Faasse, Richard (author), Smith, W.A. (author)

Achieving high current densities without thermal performance degradation at high temperatures is one of the main challenges for enhancing the competitiveness of photo-electrochemical energy storage systems. We describe a system that overcomes this challenge by incorporating an integrated photoelectrode with a redox flow cell, which functions...

journal article 2020

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TAF-ID: An international thermodynamic database for nuclear fuels applications

Guéneau, C. (author), Dupin, N. (author), Kjellqvist, L. (author), Geiger, E. (author), Kurata, M. (author), Gossé, S. (author), Corcoran, E. (author), Quaini, A. (author), Smith, A.L. (author)

The Thermodynamics of Advanced Fuels – International Database (TAF-ID) was developed using the Calphad method to provide a computational tool to perform thermodynamic calculations on nuclear fuel materials under normal and off-normal conditions. Different kinds of fuels are considered: oxide, metallic, carbide and nitride fuels. Many fission...

journal article 2020

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The performance of CryoSat-2 fully-focussed SAR for inland water-level estimation

Kleinherenbrink, M. (author), Naeije, M.C. (author), Slobbe, D.C. (author), Egido, Alejandro (author), Smith, Walter (author)

This paper applies the Fully-Focussed SAR (FF-SAR) algorithm to CryoSat-2 full-bit-rate data to measure water levels of lakes and canals in the Netherlands, and validates these measurements by comparing them to heights measured by gauges. Over Lake IJssel, a medium-sized lake, the FF-SAR height is biased about 6 cm below the gauge height, and...

journal article 2020

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Thermodynamic assessment of the KF-ThF₄, LiF-KF-ThF₄ and NaF-KF-ThF₄ systems

Ocadiz flores, J.A. (author), Carré, E. (author), Griveau, J. C. (author), Colineau, E. (author), Capelli, E. (author), Souček, P. (author), Beneš, O. (author), Smith, A.L. (author)

A thermodynamic assessment of the KF-ThF₄ binary system using the CALPHAD method is presented, where the liquid solution is described by the modified quasichemical formalism in the quadruplet approximation. The optimization of the phase diagram is based on experimental data reported in the literature and newly measured X-ray...

journal article 2020

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Competition and Interhalogen Formation during Parallel Electrocatalytic Oxidation of Bromide and Chloride on Pt

Vos, Johannes G. (author), Venugopal, A. (author), Smith, W.A. (author), Koper, Marc T.M. (author)

Hydrogen production from seawater electrolysis is highly promising for the capture and storage of intermittent renewable energy, but is hindered by the possibility of unwanted reactions at the anode. The oxidation reactions of chloride and (to a lesser extent) bromide, which can occur in parallel to the evolution of oxygen, lead to...

journal article 2020