- document
-
Bazilinskyy, P. (author), Sakuma, Tsuyoshi (author), de Winter, J.C.F. (author)An important question in the development of automated vehicles (AVs) is which driving style AVs should adopt and how other road users perceive them. The current study aimed to determine which AV behaviours contribute to pedestrians' judgements as to whether the vehicle is driving manually or automatically as well as judgements of likeability....journal article 2021
- document
-
de Winter, J.C.F. (author), Petermeijer, S.M. (author), Kooijman, L. (author), Dodou, D. (author)Several papers by Eckhard Hess from the 1960s and 1970s report that the pupils dilate or constrict according to the interest value, arousing content, or mental demands of visual stimuli. However, Hess mostly used small sample sizes and undocumented luminance control. In a first experiment (N = 182) and a second preregistered experiment (N =...journal article 2021
- document
-
Oudshoorn, Max (author), de Winter, J.C.F. (author), Bazilinskyy, P. (author), Dodou, D. (author)Various external human-machine interfaces (eHMIs) have been proposed that communicate the intent of automated vehicles (AVs) to vulnerable road users. However, there is no consensus on which eHMI concept is most suitable for intent communication. In nature, animals have evolved the ability to communicate intent via visual signals. Inspired by...journal article 2021
- document
-
Bazilinskyy, P. (author), Kooijman, L. (author), Dodou, D. (author), de Winter, J.C.F. (author)External human-machine interfaces (eHMIs) may be useful for communicating the intention of an automated vehicle (AV) to a pedestrian, but it is unclear which eHMI design is most effective. In a crowdsourced experiment, we examined the effects of (1) colour (red, green, cyan), (2) position (roof, bumper, windshield), (3) message (WALK, DON'T...journal article 2021
- document
-
Doubek, F.H. (author), Salzmann, Falk (author), de Winter, J.C.F. (author)Future vehicles may drive automatically in a human-like manner or contain systems that monitor human driving ability. Algorithms of these systems must have knowledge of criteria of good and safe driving behavior with regard to different driving styles. In the current study, interviews were conducted with 30 drivers, including driving...journal article 2021
- document
-
de Winter, J.C.F. (author), Bazilinskyy, P. (author), Wesdorp, Dale (author), de Vlam, Valerie (author), Hopmans, Belle (author), Visscher, Just (author), Dodou, D. (author)We examined what pedestrians look at when walking through a parking garage. Thirty-six participants walked a short route in a parking garage while their eye movements and head rotations were recorded with a Tobii Pro Glasses 2 eye-tracker. The participants’ fixations were then classified into 14 areas of interest. The results showed that...journal article 2021
- document
-
Sripada, Anirudh (author), Bazilinskyy, P. (author), de Winter, J.C.F. (author)It may be necessary to introduce new modes of communication between automated vehicles (AVs) and pedestrians. This research proposes using the AV’s lateral deviation within the lane to communicate if the AV will yield to the pedestrian. In an online experiment, animated video clips depicting an approaching AV were shown to participants. Each...journal article 2021
- document
-
Tabone, W. (author), de Winter, J.C.F. (author), Ackermann, Claudia (author), Bärgman, Jonas (author), Baumann, Martin (author), Deb, Shuchisnigdha (author), Emmenegger, Colleen (author), Habibovic, Azra (author), Hagenzieker, Marjan (author), Hancock, P. A. (author), Happee, R. (author), Krems, Josef (author), Lee, John D. (author), Martens, Marieke (author), Merat, Natasha (author), Norman, Don (author), Sheridan, Thomas B. (author), Stanton, Neville A. (author)Automated driving research over the past decades has mostly focused on highway environments. Recent technological developments have drawn researchers and manufacturers to look ahead at introducing automated driving in cities. The current position paper examines this challenge from the viewpoint of scientific experts. Sixteen Human Factors...journal article 2021
- document
-
Tabone, W. (author), Lee, Yee Mun (author), Merat, Natasha (author), Happee, R. (author), de Winter, J.C.F. (author)The future urban environment may consist of mixed traffic in which pedestrians interact with automated vehicles (AVs). However, it is still unclear how AVs should communicate their intentions to pedestrians. Augmented reality (AR) technology could transform the future of interactions between pedestrians and AVs by offering targeted and...conference paper 2021
- document
-
Eisma, Y.B. (author), Reiff, A. (author), Kooijman, L. (author), Dodou, D. (author), de Winter, J.C.F. (author)Future automated vehicles may be equipped with external Human-Machine Interfaces (eHMIs). Currently, little is known about the effect of the perspective of the eHMI message on crossing decisions of pedestrians. We performed an experiment to examine the effects of images depicting eHMI messages of different perspectives (egocentric from the...journal article 2021
- document
-
Melman, T. (author), Abbink, D.A. (author), Mouton, Xavier (author), Tapus, Adriana (author), de Winter, J.C.F. (author)Current predictors of fuel consumption are typically based on computer simulations or data collections in real traffic, where the route and vehicle type are not under the researcher's control. Here, we predicted fuel consumption using test track data, an approach that allowed for location-specific predictions. Ninety-one drivers drove a total...journal article 2021
- document
-
Kooijman, L. (author), Dodou, D. (author), Jansen, S. T. (author), Themans, T. S. (author), Russell, J. N.M. (author), Petermeijer, S.M. (author), Doorman, J. R.C. (author), Hablé, J. H. (author), Neubert, D. S. (author), Vos, M. J.C. (author), de Winter, J.C.F. (author)Much psychological research uses pupil diameter measurements to investigate the cognitive and emotional effects of visual stimuli. A potential problem is that accommodating at a nearby point causes the pupil to constrict. This study examined to what extent accommodation is a confounder in pupillometry research. Participants solved...journal article 2021
- document
-
Bazilinskyy, P. (author), Dodou, D. (author), de Winter, J.C.F. (author)In a crowdsourced experiment, the effects of distance and type of the approaching vehicle, traffic density, and visual clutter on pedestrians’ attention distribution were explored. 966 participants viewed 107 images of diverse traffic scenes for durations between 100 and 4000 ms. Participants’ eye-gaze data were collected using the TurkEyes...conference paper 2021
- document
-
de Winter, J.C.F. (author), Dodou, D. (author)This article highlights four common pitfalls in the use of statistics in the area of traffic psychology. Through computer simulations of scenarios that are typical in the field, it is first shown that a statistically significant P-value does not prove that the effect is true, especially when the effect is surprising and the P-value barely...book chapter 2021
- document
-
Kaleefathullah, Anees Ahamed (author), Merat, Natasha (author), Lee, Yee Mun (author), Eisma, Y.B. (author), Madigan, Ruth (author), Garcia, Jorge (author), de Winter, J.C.F. (author)Objective: To investigate pedestrians’ misuse of an automated vehicle (AV) equipped with an external human–machine interface (eHMI). Misuse occurs when a pedestrian enters the road because of uncritically following the eHMI’s message. Background: Human factors research indicates that automation misuse is a concern. However, there is no...journal article 2020
- document
-
Bazilinskyy, P. (author), Kooijman, L. (author), Dodou, D. (author), de Winter, J.C.F. (author)Driving simulators are regarded as valuable tools for human factors research on automated driving and traffic safety. However, simulators that enable the study of human-human interactions are rare. In this study, we present an open-source coupled simulator developed in Unity. The simulator supports input from head-mounted displays, motion suits,...conference paper 2020
- document
-
Kovacsova, N. (author), Vlakveld, W. P. (author), de Winter, J.C.F. (author), Hagenzieker, Marjan (author)Research shows that the ability to anticipate safety-critical situations is predictive of safe performance in traffic. Thus far, hazard anticipation training has been developed mainly for car drivers. These training programs may not be appropriate for cyclists who are exposed to different types of hazards. This study aimed to develop a PC...journal article 2020
- document
-
Cabrall, C.D.D. (author), Stapel, J.C.J. (author), Happee, R. (author), de Winter, J.C.F. (author)Objective: We investigated a driver monitoring system (DMS) designed to adaptively back up distracted drivers with automated driving. Background: Humans are likely inadequate for supervising today’s on-road driving automation. Conversely, backup concepts can use eye-tracker DMS to retain the human as the primary driver and use computerized...journal article 2020
- document
-
Kovacsova, N. (author), Grottoli, M. (author), Celiberti, Francesco (author), Lemmens, Yves (author), Happee, R. (author), Hagenzieker, Marjan (author), de Winter, J.C.F. (author)Powered two-wheeler riders are frequently involved in crashes at intersections because an approaching car driver fails to give right of way. This simulator study aimed to investigate how riders perform an emergency braking maneuver in response to an oncoming car and, second, whether longitudinal motion cues provided by a motion platform...journal article 2020
- document
-
Lu, Z. (author), Happee, R. (author), de Winter, J.C.F. (author)In highly automated driving, drivers occasionally need to take over control of the car due to limitations of the automated driving system. Research has shown that visually distracted drivers need about 7 s to regain situation awareness (SA). However, it is unknown whether the presence of a hazard affects SA. In the present experiment, 32...journal article 2020