Hybrid membrane system for desalination and wastewater treatment: Integrating forward osmosis and low pressure reverse osmosis

Since more than 97% of the water in the world is seawater, desalination technologies have the potential to solve the fresh water crisis. The most used desalination technology nowadays is seawater reverse osmosis (SWRO), where a membrane is used as a physical barrier to separate the salts from the water, using high hydraulic pressure as the...

Particulate and organic matter fouling of seawater reverse osmosis systems: Characterization, modelling and applications

Particulate/colloidal and organic fouling in seawater reverse osmosis (SWRO) systems results in flux decline, higher energy costs, increased salt passage, increased cleaning frequency, and use of chemicals. In practice, indices like SDI and MFI are used to assess particulate fouling, but they are performed at very high initial flux (> 1500 L/m2...