Vacuum-Referred Binding Energies of Bismuth and Lanthanide Levels in LiTaO₃ Perovskite: Toward Designing Energy Storage Phosphor for Anti-Counterfeiting, X-Ray Imaging, and Mechanoluminescence

Discovering UV-light or X-ray charged afterglow and storage phosphors with high charge carrier storage capacity remains challenging. Herein, a method is proposed by combining vacuum referred binding energy (VRBE) diagram construction and optimization of dopants’ concentration and compound synthesis. The refined chemical shift model, optical...