- document
-
Eriksson, Alexander (author), Petermeijer, S.M. (author), Zimmermann, Markus (author), de Winter, J.C.F. (author), Bengler, Klaus J. (author), Stanton, Neville A. (author)This paper assessed four types of human–machine interfaces (HMIs), classified according to the stages of automation proposed by Parasuraman et al. [“A model for types and levels of human interaction with automation,” IEEE Trans. Syst. Man, Cybern. A, Syst. Humans, vol. 30, no. 3, pp. 286–297, May 2000]. We hypothesized that drivers would...journal article 2019
- document
-
Melman, T. (author), de Winter, J.C.F. (author), Mouton, Xavier (author), Tapus, Adriana (author), Abbink, D.A. (author)Several modern vehicles provide the option to select a driving mode. However, the literature contains no empirical studies that investigate how driving modes affect the vehicle's dynamic behaviour in regular on-road driving. We examined for which CAN-bus signals the differences between Renault's Multi-Sense® comfort and sport modes are most...journal article 2019
- document
-
Bazilinskyy, P. (author), Larsson, Pontus (author), Johansson, Emma (author), de Winter, J.C.F. (author)The number of trucks that are equipped with driver assistance systems is increasing. These driver assistance systems typically offer binary auditory warnings or notifications upon lane departure, close headway, or automation (de)activation. Such binary sounds may annoy the driver if presented frequently. Truck drivers are well accustomed to the...journal article 2019
- document
-
Bazilinskyy, P. (author), Dodou, D. (author), de Winter, J.C.F. (author)The automotive industry has presented a variety of external human-machine interfaces (eHMIs) for automated vehicles (AVs). However, there appears to be no consensus on which types of eHMIs are clear to vulnerable road users. Here, we present the results of two large crowdsourcing surveys on this topic. In the first survey, we asked...journal article 2019
- document
-
Kooijman, L. (author), Happee, R. (author), de Winter, J.C.F. (author)In future traffic, automated vehicles may be equipped with external human-machine interfaces (eHMIs) that can communicate with pedestrians. Previous research suggests that, during first encounters, pedestrians regard text-based eHMIs as clearer than light-based eHMIs. However, in much of the previous research, pedestrians were asked to imagine...journal article 2019
- document
-
de Winter, J.C.F. (author), Eisma, Y.B. (author), Cabrall, C.D.D. (author), Hancock, P. A. (author), Stanton, N. A. (author)The topic of situation awareness has received continuing interest over the last decades. Freeze-probe methods, such as the Situation Awareness Global Assessment Technique (SAGAT), are commonly employed for measuring situation awareness. The aim of this paper was to review validity issues of the SAGAT and examine whether eye movements are a...journal article 2019
- document
- de Winter, J.C.F. (author) journal article 2019
- document
-
de Winter, J.C.F. (author), Dodou, D. (author), Happee, R. (author), Eisma, Y.B. (author)Vehicles are increasingly equipped with sensors that measure the state of the vehicle and surrounding road users. Although most of these sensor data currently remain local to the vehicle, the data could be shared with the aim to improve road safety. We postulate that there is a range of scenarios regarding data sharing, with two extremes: In...journal article 2019
- document
-
Cabrall, C.D.D. (author), Eriksson, Alexander (author), Dreger, F.A. (author), Happee, R. (author), de Winter, J.C.F. (author)This work aimed to organise recommendations for keeping people engaged during human supervision of driving automation, encouraging a safe and acceptable introduction of automated driving systems. First, heuristic knowledge of human factors, ergonomics, and psychological theory was used to propose solution areas to human supervisory control...journal article 2019
- document
-
Lu, Z. (author), Zhang, B. (author), Feldhütter, A. (author), Happee, R. (author), Martens, M. (author), de Winter, J.C.F. (author)In conditionally automated driving, drivers do not have to monitor the road, whereas in partially automated driving, drivers have to monitor the road permanently. We evaluated a dynamic allocation of monitoring tasks to human and automation by providing a monitoring request (MR) before a possible take-over request (TOR), with the aim to...journal article 2019
- document
-
de Clercq, Koen (author), Dietrich, Andre (author), Nuñez Velasco, J.P. (author), de Winter, J.C.F. (author), Happee, R. (author)Objective: In this article, we investigated the effects of external human-machine interfaces (eHMIs) on pedestrians’ crossing intentions. Background: Literature suggests that the safety (i.e., not crossing when unsafe) and efficiency (i.e., crossing when safe) of pedestrians’ interactions with automated vehicles could increase if automated...journal article 2019
- document
-
Sahebi, Sina (author), Nassiri, Habibollah (author), de Winter, J.C.F. (author)There are relatively few comprehensive studies on driving errors and violations in Iran, a non-Western country with a high traffic fatality rate. In this study, 712 drivers completed a questionnaire at technical inspection centres and carwashes in Tehran, Iran. Respondents were asked about their demographic characteristics, accident...journal article 2019
- document
-
Bazilinskyy, P. (author), Kyriakidis, M. (author), Dodou, D. (author), de Winter, J.C.F. (author)When fully automated cars will be widespread is a question that has attracted considerable attention from futurists, car manufacturers, and academics. This paper aims to poll the public's expectations regarding the deployment of fully automated cars. In 15 crowdsourcing surveys conducted between June 2014 and January 2019, we obtained answers...journal article 2019
- document
-
de Winter, J.C.F. (author), Kovacsova, N. (author), Hagenzieker, Marjan (author)Objective: It is well established within the traffic psychology literature that a distinction can be made between driving skill and driving style. The majority of self-report questionnaires have been developed for car drivers, whereas only limited knowledge exists on the riding skill and style of cyclists. Individual differences in cycling...journal article 2019
- document
-
Heikoop, D.D. (author), de Winter, J.C.F. (author), van Arem, B. (author), Stanton, Neville A. (author)Automated driving systems are increasingly prevalent on public roads, but there is currently little knowledge on the level of workload and stress of drivers operating an automated vehicle in a real environment. The present study aimed to measure driver workload and stress during partially automated driving in real traffic. We recorded heart...journal article 2019
- document
-
Kovacsova, N. (author), de Winter, J.C.F. (author), Hagenzieker, Marjan (author)Introduction: Many bicycle–car crashes are caused by the fact that the driver fails to give right of way to the cyclist. Although the car driver is to blame, the cyclist may have been able to prevent the crash by anticipating the safety-critical event and slowing-down. This study aimed to understand how accurate cyclists are in predicting a...journal article 2019
- document
-
Zhang, Bo (author), de Winter, J.C.F. (author), Varotto, S.F. (author), Happee, R. (author), Martens, Marieke (author)An important question in automated driving research is how quickly drivers take over control of the vehicle in response to a critical event or a take-over request. Although a large number of studies have been performed, results vary strongly. In this study, we investigated mean take-over times from 129 studies with SAE level 2 automation or...journal article 2019
- document
-
de Winter, Casper (author), Palleti, Venkata Reddy (author), Worm, Daniel (author), Kooij, Robert (author)Water Distribution Networks (WDNs) are often susceptible to either accidental or deliberate contamination which can lead to poisoned water, many fatalities and large economic consequences. In order to protect against these intrusions or attacks, an efficient sensor network with a limited number of sensors should be placed in a WDN. In this...journal article 2019
- document
-
Nordhoff, S. (author), de Winter, J.C.F. (author), Madigan, Ruth (author), Merat, Natasha (author), van Arem, B. (author), Happee, R. (author)Automated shuttles are now in a prototyping phase in several research projects. However, there is still a paucity of knowledge on the acceptance of these shuttles. This paper presents the results of a questionnaire study among individuals (n = 384) who physically experienced an automated shuttle on an office campus in Berlin-Schöneberg. The...journal article 2018
- document
-
Cabrall, C.D.D. (author), Janssen, Nico (author), de Winter, J.C.F. (author)Background<br/>Automated driving is often proposed as a solution to human errors. However, fully automated driving has not yet reached the point where it can be implemented in real traffic. This study focused on adaptively allocating steering control either to the driver or to an automated pilot based on momentary driver distraction measured...journal article 2018