Settlement Predictions of The Noordtunnel: A Numerical Simulation

The Noordtunnel is an immersed tunnel open to roadway service since 1990 in The Netherlands. Over the past thirty years of its operation time, a significant differential settlement behaviour has been observed, and this ongoing settlement potentially imposes safety concerns to the tunnel, such as joint leakage. However, the underlying factor...

Optimization of Design and Monitoring of Immersed Tunnels

Many immersed tunnels have already reached or are about to reach the halfway point of their intended lifespan of 100 years. Around this time, several structural problems were noticed during inspection which have led to performance deterioration and durability issues of the tunnel. Often large- scale maintenance was required to meet the design...

Settlement Behaviour of Heinenoord Tunnel: A Numerical Study

The 1st Heinenoordtunnel is an immersed tube which has been open for service in the Netherlands since 1969. Over the past 50 years, a large and increasing settlement has been measured along the tunnel alignment. The greatest value of settlement (65 mm) occurs in tunnel element 1 from 1978 to 2018. The maximum differential settlement has reached...

Analysis and Optimization of Transverse Post-Tensioning in Immersed Tunnels

Due to the recent increase in traffic capacity requirements, the need for larger spans in immersed concrete tunnels has become a pressing matter. Although commonly used in Europe, reinforced concrete has a structural capacity limit when it comes to the transverse span length. The implementation of post-tensioning could allow for longer spans and...

Trench Siltation near the ETM of a Well-mixed Estuary

To exploit its socio-economic functions, engineering measures are regularly applied in estuaries. Estuaries are, however, known to be very complex systems. Stemming from this complexity is the generation of a so-called estuarine turbidity maximum (ETM), which poses great siltation problems to the engineering measures. An engineering measure,...