Precision Engineering of the Co-immobilization of Enzymes for Cascade Biocatalysis

The design and orderly layered co-immobilization of multiple enzymes on resin particles remain challenging. In this study, the SpyTag/SpyCatcher binding pair was fused to the N-terminus of an alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and an aldo-keto reductase (AKR), respectively. A non-canonical amino acid (ncAA), p-azido-L-phenylalanine (p-AzF), as the...

Designing an enzyme assembly line for green cascade processes using bio-orthogonal chemistry

Two non-canonical amino acids (ncAAs) with bio-orthogonal reactive groups, namely, p-azido-l-phenylalanine (p-AzF) and p-propargyloxy-l-phenylalanine (p-PaF), were genetically inserted into an aldo-keto reductase (AKR) and an alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), respectively, at two preselected sites for each enzyme. The variants were expressed in...

A Secure Robot Learning Framework for Cyber Attack Scheduling and Countermeasure

The problem of learning-based control for robots has been extensively studied, whereas the security issue under malicious adversaries has not been paid much attention to. Malicious adversaries can invade intelligent devices and communication networks used in robots, causing incidents, achieving illegal objectives, and even injuring people....