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Stoter, Stein K.F. (author), Turteltaub, S.R. (author), Hulshoff, S.J. (author), Schillinger, Dominik (author)We develop the general form of the variational multiscale method in a discontinuous Galerkin framework. Our method is based on the decomposition of the true solution into discontinuous coarse-scale and discontinuous fine-scale parts. The obtained coarse-scale weak formulation includes two types of fine-scale contributions. The first type...journal article 2018
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Stoter, Stein K.F. (author), Turteltaub, S.R. (author), Hulshoff, S.J. (author), Schillinger, Dominik (author)We initiate the study of the discontinuous Galerkin residual-based variational multiscale (DG-RVMS) method for incorporating subgrid-scale behavior into the finite element solution of hyperbolic problems. We use the one-dimensional viscous Burgers equation as a model problem, as its energy dissipation mechanism is analogous to that of turbulent...journal article 2018
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van Altena, V.P. (author), Bakker, Henk (author), Stoter, J.E. (author)This article explores, via three case studies, how spatio‐temporal analysis can advance New Testament text interpretation. Acts 2, verse 9 to 11 is the text of study. Case study 1 applies network analysis to data representing the Roman road network constrained by parameters valid for ancient times. This analysis provided new information on the...journal article 2018
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Coetzee, Serena (author), Odijk, Martijn (author), van Loenen, B. (author), Storm, Janette (author), Stoter, J.E. (author)National spatial data infrastructures are key to achieving the Digital Earth vision. In many cases, national datasets are integrated from local datasets created and maintained by municipalities. Examples are address, building and topographic information. Integration of local datasets may result in a dataset satisfying the needs of users of...journal article 2018
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Kumar, Kavisha (author), Ledoux, H. (author), Stoter, J.E. (author)Terrains form an important part of 3D city models. GIS practitioners often model terrains with 2D grids. However, TINs (Triangulated Irregular networks) are also increasingly used in practice. One such example is the 3D city model of the Netherlands (3DTOP10NL), which covers the whole country as one massive triangulation with more than one...journal article 2018
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Zhao, Junqiao (author), Ledoux, H. (author), Stoter, J.E. (author), Feng, Tiantian (author)The Level-of-Detail (LOD) 2 building models defined in CityGML are used widely in three-dimensional (3D) city applications. Many of these applications demand valid solid-based geometry (closed 2-manifold), which is crucial for analytical and computational purposes. However, this condition is often violated in practice because of the way LOD2...journal article 2018
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Arroyo Ohori, G.A.K. (author), Ledoux, H. (author), Stoter, J.E. (author)Objects of more than three dimensions can be used to model geographic phenomena that occur in space, time and scale. For instance, a single 4D object can be used to represent the changes in a 3D object's shape across time or all its optimal representations at various levels of detail. In this paper, we look at how such higher-dimensional...journal article 2017
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Biljecki, F. (author), Ledoux, H. (author), Stoter, J.E. (author)Elevation datasets (e.g. point clouds) are an essential but often unavailable ingredient for the construction of 3D city models. We investigate in this paper to what extent can 3D city models be generated solely from 2D data without elevation measurements. We show that it is possible to predict the height of buildings from 2D data (their...journal article 2017
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Biljecki, F. (author), Ledoux, H. (author), Stoter, J.E. (author)‘Level of Detail’ (LoD) is een veel gebruikt begrip in de 3D-geoinformatie wereld. Het detailniveauvan 3D-data speelt een rol bij de verschillende stappen in de 3D informatie keten, van inwinning tot gebruik. LoD is ook een van de belangrijkste basisprincipes van de internationale standaard CityGML, waarop de optionele 3D uitbreiding van IMGeo...journal article 2017
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Stoter, J.E. (author), Commandeur, T.J.F. (author), Ledoux, H. (author)Er zijn veel thema’s in de Omgevingswet die een 3D-component hebben. Er is dan ook een groeiende vraag om 3D geo-informatie in het DSO (Digitaal Stelsel Omgevingswet) te faciliteren. Een goede basis hiervoor is 3D BGT. IMGeo, het informatiemodel dat de inhoud van de Basisregistratie Grootschalige Topografie (BGT) vastlegt, is voorbereid op 3D en...journal article 2017
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Stoter, J.E. (author), Ploeger, H.D. (author), Roes, Ruben (author), van der Riet, Els (author), Biljecki, F. (author), Ledoux, H. (author), Kok, Dirco (author), Kim, S. (author)This article reports on the first 3D cadastral registration in The Netherlands, accomplished in March 2016. The solution was sought within the current cadastral, organisational, and technical frameworks to obtain a deeper knowledge on the optimal way of implementing 3D registration, while avoiding discussions between experts from different...journal article 2017
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Arroyo Ohori, G.A.K. (author), Ledoux, H. (author), Stoter, J.E. (author)The concept of spacetime has long been used in physics to refer to models that integrate 3D space and time as a single 4D continuum. We argue in this paper that it is also advantageous to use this concept in a practical geographic context by realizing a true 4D model, where time is modeled and implemented as a dimension in the same manner as the...journal article 2017
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Biljecki, F. (author), Heuvelink, GBM (author), Ledoux, H. (author), Stoter, J.E. (author)There has been a great deal of research about errors in geographic information and how they affect spatial analyses. A typical GIS process introduces various types of errors at different stages, and such errors usually propagate into errors in the result of a spatial analysis. However, most studies consider only a single error type thus...journal article 2017
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Biljecki, F. (author), Arroyo Ohori, G.A.K. (author), Ledoux, H. (author), Peters, R.Y. (author), Stoter, J.E. (author)The remote estimation of a region’s population has for decades been a key application of geographic information science in demography. Most studies have used 2D data (maps, satellite imagery) to estimate population avoiding field surveys and questionnaires. As the availability of semantic 3D city models is constantly increasing, we investigate...journal article 2016
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Biljecki, F. (author), Ledoux, H. (author), Stoter, J.E. (author), Vosselman, G. (author)The level of detail (LOD) of a 3D city model indicates the model's grade and usability. However, there exist multiple valid variants of each LOD. As a consequence, the LOD concept is inconclusive as an instruction for the acquisition of 3D city models. For instance, the top surface of an LOD1 block model may be modelled at the eaves of a...journal article 2016
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Stoter, J.E. (author)De Omgevingswet, die naar verwachting in 2018 in werking treedt, integreert vele wetten op het gebied van de fysieke leefomgeving. Onder deze wet vallen thema’s als: bouwen, milieu, waterbeheer, ruimtelijke ordening, monumentenzorg en natuur. Bijna al deze thema’s hebben een 3D-component en daarom wordt vaak de vraag gesteld of de Omgevingswet...journal article 2016
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van Altena, V.P. (author), Stoter, J.E. (author)This paper summarizes the research conducted to improve the automatic generalization of man-made water networks for topographic maps by context-dependent pruning (Altena, 2014). The aim of this study was to improve existing thinning methods for map generalization by accounting for landscape types. The results show that it is possible to improve...journal article 2016
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Biljecki, F. (author), Ledoux, H. (author), Stoter, J.E. (author)The level of detail (LOD) concept of the OGC standard CityGML 2.0 is intended to differentiate multi-scale representations of semantic 3D city models. The concept is in practice principally used to indicate the geometric detail of a model, primarily of buildings. Despite the popularity and the general acceptance of this categorisation, we argue...journal article 2016
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Donkers, S (author), Ledoux, H. (author), Zhao, J. (author), Stoter, J.E. (author)Although the international standard CityGML has five levels of detail (LODs), the vast majority of available models are the coarse ones (up to LOD2, i.e. block-shaped buildings with roofs). LOD3 and LOD4 models, which contain architectural details such as balconies, windows and rooms, rarely exist because, unlike coarser LODs, their construction...journal article 2016
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Biljecki, F. (author), Stoter, J.E. (author), Ledoux, H. (author), Zlatanova, S. (author), Coltekin, A. (author)In the last decades, 3D city models appear to have been predominantly used for visualisation; however, today they are being increasingly employed in a number of domains and for a large range of tasks beyond visualisation. In this paper, we seek to understand and document the state of the art regarding the utilisation of 3D city models across...journal article 2015