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de Winter, J.C.F. (author), Dodou, D. (author), Tabone, W. (author)This study explored how people look at The Night Watch (1642), Rembrandt's masterpiece. Twenty-one participants each stood in front of the painting for 5 min, while their eyes were recorded with a mobile eye-tracker and their thoughts were verbalized with a think-aloud method. We computed a heatmap of the participants’ attentional...journal article 2022
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de Winter, J.C.F. (author), Hu, Jimmy (author), Petermeijer, S.M. (author)Cars are increasingly capable of providing drivers with warnings and advice. However, whether drivers should be provided with ipsilateral warnings (signaling the direction to steer towards) or contralateral warnings (signaling the direction to avoid) is inconclusive. Furthermore, how auditory warnings and visual information from the driving...journal article 2022
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de Winter, J.C.F. (author), Saffarian, M (author), Senders, John W. (author)Objective: To share results of an experiment that used visual occlusion for a new purpose: inducing a waiting time. Background: Senders was a leading figure in human factors. In his research on the visual demands of driving, he used occlusion techniques. Methods: In a simulator experiment, we examined how drivers brake for different levels of...journal article 2022
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Bazilinskyy, P. (author), Kooijman, L. (author), Dodou, D. (author), Mallant, K.P.T. (author), Roosens, V.E.R. (author), Middelweerd, M.D.L.M. (author), Overbeek, L.D. (author), de Winter, J.C.F. (author)Past research suggests that displays on the exterior of the car, known as eHMIs, can be effective in helping pedestrians to make safe crossing decisions. This study examines a new application of eHMIs, namely the provision of directional information in scenarios where the pedestrian is almost hit by a car. In an experiment using a head-mounted...conference paper 2022
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Zhou, Feng (author), Yang, X. Jessie (author), de Winter, J.C.F. (author)Situation awareness (SA) is critical to improving takeover performance during the transition period from automated driving to manual driving. Although many studies measured SA during or after the driving task, few studies have attempted to predict SA in real time in automated driving. In this work, we propose to predict SA during the takeover...journal article 2022
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Onkhar, V. (author), Bazilinskyy, P. (author), Dodou, D. (author), de Winter, J.C.F. (author)Many fatal accidents that involve pedestrians occur at road crossings, and are attributed to a breakdown of communication between pedestrians and drivers. Thus, it is important to investigate how forms of communication in traffic, such as eye contact, influence crossing decisions. Thus far, there is little information about the effect of...journal article 2022
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Melman, T. (author), Weijerman, Mark (author), de Winter, J.C.F. (author), Abbink, D.A. (author)Introduction: Cars are increasingly computerized, and vehicle settings such as steering gain (SG) can now be altered during driving. However, it is unknown whether transitions in SG should be adaptable (i.e., triggered by driver input) or adaptive (i.e., triggered automatically). We examined this question for road segments expected to require...journal article 2022
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Berge, S.H. (author), Hagenzieker, Marjan (author), Farah, H. (author), de Winter, J.C.F. (author)Cyclists are expected to interact with automated vehicles (AVs) in future traffic, yet we know little about the nature of this interaction and the safety implications of AVs on cyclists. On-bike human–machine interfaces (HMIs) and connecting cyclists to AVs and the road infrastructure may have the potential to enhance the safety of cyclists....journal article 2022
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Berge, S.H. (author), de Winter, J.C.F. (author), Hagenzieker, Marjan (author)Interpreting the subtleness and complexity of vulnerable road user (VRU) behaviour is still a significant challenge for automated vehicles (AVs). Solutions for facilitating safe and acceptable interactions in future automated traffic include equipping AVs and VRUs with human-machine interfaces (HMl.s), such as awareness and notification systems,...conference paper 2022
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de Winter, J.C.F. (author), Petermeijer, S.M. (author), Abbink, D.A. (author)A major question in human-automation interaction is whether tasks should be traded or shared between human and automation. This work presents reflections—which have evolved through classroom debates between the authors over the past 10 years—on these two forms of human-automation interaction, with a focus on the automated driving domain. As...journal article 2022
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When terminology hinders research: the colloquialisms of transitions of control in automated drivingMaggi, Davide (author), Romano, Richard (author), Carsten, Oliver (author), de Winter, J.C.F. (author)During the last 20 years, technological advancement and economic interests have motivated research on automated driving and its impact on drivers’ behaviour, especially after transitions of control. Indeed, once the Automated Driving System (ADS) reaches its operational limits, it is forced to request human intervention. However, the fast...journal article 2022
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- Berge, S.H. (author), Hagenzieker, Marjan (author), Farah, H. (author), de Winter, J.C.F. (author) abstract 2021
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de Winter, J.C.F. (author), Dodou, D. (author)This article highlights four common pitfalls in the use of statistics in the area of traffic psychology. Through computer simulations of scenarios that are typical in the field, it is first shown that a statistically significant P-value does not prove that the effect is true, especially when the effect is surprising and the P-value barely...book chapter 2021
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Eisma, Y.B. (author), Reiff, A. (author), Kooijman, L. (author), Dodou, D. (author), de Winter, J.C.F. (author)Future automated vehicles may be equipped with external Human-Machine Interfaces (eHMIs). Currently, little is known about the effect of the perspective of the eHMI message on crossing decisions of pedestrians. We performed an experiment to examine the effects of images depicting eHMI messages of different perspectives (egocentric from the...journal article 2021
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Melman, T. (author), Abbink, D.A. (author), Mouton, Xavier (author), Tapus, Adriana (author), de Winter, J.C.F. (author)Current predictors of fuel consumption are typically based on computer simulations or data collections in real traffic, where the route and vehicle type are not under the researcher's control. Here, we predicted fuel consumption using test track data, an approach that allowed for location-specific predictions. Ninety-one drivers drove a total...journal article 2021
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Kooijman, L. (author), Dodou, D. (author), Jansen, S. T. (author), Themans, T. S. (author), Russell, J. N.M. (author), Petermeijer, S.M. (author), Doorman, J. R.C. (author), Hablé, J. H. (author), Neubert, D. S. (author), Vos, M. J.C. (author), de Winter, J.C.F. (author)Much psychological research uses pupil diameter measurements to investigate the cognitive and emotional effects of visual stimuli. A potential problem is that accommodating at a nearby point causes the pupil to constrict. This study examined to what extent accommodation is a confounder in pupillometry research. Participants solved...journal article 2021
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Bazilinskyy, P. (author), Dodou, D. (author), de Winter, J.C.F. (author)In a crowdsourced experiment, the effects of distance and type of the approaching vehicle, traffic density, and visual clutter on pedestrians’ attention distribution were explored. 966 participants viewed 107 images of diverse traffic scenes for durations between 100 and 4000 ms. Participants’ eye-gaze data were collected using the TurkEyes...conference paper 2021
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de Winter, J.C.F. (author), Hancock, P. A. (author)We review the theoretical foundation for the need for human factors science. Over the past 2.8 million years, humans and tools have co-evolved. However, in the last century, technology is introduced at a rate that exceeds human evolution. The proliferation of computers and, more recently, robots, introduces new cognitive demands, as the human...review 2021
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Epke, Michael R. (author), Kooijman, L. (author), de Winter, J.C.F. (author)Automated vehicles (AVs) are able to detect pedestrians reliably but still have difficulty in predicting pedestrians' intentions from their implicit body language. This study examined the effects of using explicit hand gestures and receptive external human-machine interfaces (eHMIs) in the interaction between pedestrians and AVs. Twenty-six...journal article 2021
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Bazilinskyy, P. (author), Sakuma, Tsuyoshi (author), de Winter, J.C.F. (author)An important question in the development of automated vehicles (AVs) is which driving style AVs should adopt and how other road users perceive them. The current study aimed to determine which AV behaviours contribute to pedestrians' judgements as to whether the vehicle is driving manually or automatically as well as judgements of likeability....journal article 2021