Battery Storage Integration in EV Fast Charging Station for Increasing its Revenues and Reducing the Grid Impact

This paper discusses the design and optimization of electric vehicles’ fast-charging stations with on-site photovoltaic energy production and a battery energy storage system. Three scenarios, varying the number of chargers, distance from the main grid, and on-site photovoltaic generation potential, are investigated. Such scenarios are...

Optimal Battery Energy Storage Dispatch in Energy and Frequency Regulation Markets While Peak Shaving an EV Fast Charging Station

Battery Energy Storage Systems typically procure their primary revenues from regulated energy and ancillary services markets; nonetheless, they have great potential in supporting distribution network operators and their users. This paper evaluates the potential business case of battery storage systems integrating market application and services...

Lifetime Estimation of Grid-Connected Battery Storage and Power Electronics Inverter Providing Primary Frequency Regulation

Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESSs) are a new asset for Primary Frequency Regulation (PFR), an ancillary service for improving the grid stability. The system operators determine the implementation and remuneration of PFR. However, assessing the revenue stream is not enough to define the business case, as also the components’ lifetime has to...

Comparison of Two and Three-Level DC-AC Converters for a 100 kW Battery Energy Storage System

This paper discusses a qualitative comparison between Two and Three-Level Voltage Source Converter (VSC) topologies for battery energy storage applications. Three-Level Neutral Point Clamped (NPC) and T-Type circuit topologies are benchmarked versus the state-of-art Two-Level VSC in terms of efficiency and power density considering a 100 kW...

LCL Filter Design for Three Phase AC-DC Converters Considering Semiconductor Modules and Magnetics Components Performance

LCL filters are commonly adopted to attenuate the current harmonics produced by Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) Voltage Source Converters (VSC). Due to the nature of LCL filters, several combinations of L and C can deliver the attenuation required by the standards. The optimal configuration is generally evaluated, considering power density, costs,...

Boundaries of Operation for Refurbished Parallel AC–DC Reconfigurable Links in Distribution Grids

Hybrid ac–dc reconfigurable link technology can find interesting applications in medium-voltage power distribution. These are networks having dc links operating in parallel alongside ac links with post-fault reconfiguration capability. A given system can operate in different configurations while maintaining equivalent capacity during (n−1)...

A Comprehensive Review of the Integration of Battery Energy Storage Systems Into Distribution Networks

Recent developments in the electricity sector encourage a high penetration of Renewable Energy Sources (RES). In addition, European policies are pushing for mass deployment of Electric Vehicles (EVs). Due to their non-controllable characteristics, these loads have brought new challenges in distribution networks, resulting in increased difficulty...

Energy Storage Sizing and Location in Distribution Networks Considering Overall Grid Performance

Energy Storage Systems (ESSs) are promising solutions for mitigating the technical problems created by high penetration of Distributed Generation (DG) in distribution grids. This paper presents a methodology for the ESS sizing and placement within the distribution networks. Those are found through an optimization routine that considers the...

Decentralized plug-and-play protection scheme for low voltage DC grids

Since the voltages and currents in dc grids do not have a natural zero-crossing, the protection of these grids is more challenging than the protection of conventional ac grids. Literature presents several unit and non-unit protection schemes that rely on communication, or knowledge about the system's topology and parameters in order to...

Offline Reconfigurability Based Substation Converter Sizing for Hybrid AC-DC Distribution Links

Hybrid ac-dc distribution systems with multiple parallel operating ac and dc links are being developed to maximize system capacity during (n-1) contingencies. This paper shows that offline reconfigurability between such ac and dc links post-fault clearance allows an additional design flexibility of reducing the required substation converter...

Zero Sequence Currents Externally Circulating between the Back to Back Modular Multilevel Converters in Parallel AC-DC Distribution Links

During the operation of a three line ac link in parallel with a ac-dc-ac link system that employs Back-to-Back (B2B)Medium Voltage Modular Multilevel Converters (MMC), a path for the low frequency zero sequence currents is shown to exist. Apart from causing additional losses, these currents can result in limitations on power capacity. A...

Suitable Submodule Switch Rating for Medium Voltage Modular Multilevel Converter Design

An important step in Voltage-Source Modular Multilevel Converter (MMC) design is the selection of adequate semiconductor blocking voltage class. This paper highlights that particularly for grid connected medium voltage applications, the choice of suitable switch blocking voltage class is not so straightforward. The market available switch...