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Enthoven, L.A. (author), Fakkel, N.E. (author), Bartling, H.P. (author), van Riggelen, M. (author), Schymik, K.N. (author), Yun, J. (author), Tsapanou Katranara, E. (author), Vollmer, R. (author), Taminiau, T.H. (author), Sebastiano, F. (author), Babaie, M. (author)Color-center quantum bits (qubits), such as the Nitrogen-Vacancy center (NV) in diamond, have demonstrated entanglement between remote (>1.3km) qubits and excellent coherence times [1], all while operating at a few Kelvins. Compared to other qubit technologies typically operating at mK temperatures, the higher operating temperature of NVs...conference paper 2024
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Prabowo, B. (author), Pietx i Casas, O. (author), Montazerolghaem, M.A. (author), Scappucci, G. (author), Vandersypen, L.M.K. (author), Sebastiano, F. (author), Babaie, M. (author)Continuous rounds of quantum error correction (QEC) are essential to achieve faulttolerant quantum computers (QCs). In each QEC cycle, thousands of ancilla quantum bits (qubits) must be read out faster than the qubits' decoherence time (<<T2∗~120μs for spin qubits). To address this urgent need, several CMOS receivers operating at...conference paper 2024
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Prabowo, B. (author), Dijkema, J.J. (author), Xue, X. (author), Sebastiano, F. (author), Vandersypen, L.M.K. (author), Babaie, M. (author)In semiconductor spin quantum bits (qubits), the radio-frequency (RF) gate-based readout is a promising solution for future large-scale integration, as it allows for a fast, frequency-multiplexed readout architecture, enabling multiple qubits to be read out simultaneously. This article introduces a theoretical framework to evaluate the effect...journal article 2024
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Gao, Z. (author), He, J. (author), Fritz, Martin (author), Shen, Y. (author), Zong, Z. (author), Spalink, Gerd (author), Alavi, S.M. (author), Staszewski, R.B. (author), Babaie, M. (author)This article introduces a low-jitter low-spur fractional-N phase-locked loop (PLL) adopting a new concept of a time-mode arithmetic unit (TAU) for phase error extraction. The TAU is a time-signal processor that calculates the weighted sum of input time offsets. It processes two inputs - the period of a digitally controlled oscillator (DCO)...journal article 2023
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Gong, J. (author), Charbon-Iwasaki-Charbon, E. (author), Sebastiano, F. (author), Babaie, M. (author)This article presents the first cryogenic phase-locked loop (PLL) operating at 4.2 K. The PLL is designed for the control system of scalable quantum computers. The specifications of PLL are derived from the required control fidelity for a single-qubit operation. By considering the benefits and challenges of cryogenic operation, a dedicated...journal article 2023
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Overwater, R.W.J. (author), Babaie, M. (author), Sebastiano, F. (author)Cryogenic CMOS (cryo-CMOS) circuits are often hindered by the cryogenic threshold-voltage increase. To mitigate such an increase, a forward body biasing (FBB) technique in bulk CMOS is proposed, which can operate up to the nominal supply without problematic leakage currents, thanks to the larger diode turn-on voltage at cryogenic temperatures...journal article 2023
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Fakkel, N.E. (author), Mortazavi, S.M. (author), Overwater, R.W.J. (author), Sebastiano, F. (author), Babaie, M. (author)State-of-the-art quantum computers already comprise hundreds of cryogenic quantum bits (qubits), and prototypes with over 10k qubits are currently being developed. Such large-scale systems require local cryogenic electronics for qubit control and readout, leaving the digital controllers for algorithm execution and quantum error correction ...conference paper 2023
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Damsteegt, R.A. (author), Overwater, R.W.J. (author), Babaie, M. (author), Sebastiano, F. (author)The cryogenic electronic interface for quantum pro-cessors requires cryo-CMOS embedded memories that cover a wide range of specifications. The temperature dependence of device parameters, such as the threshold voltage, the gate/subthreshold leakage, and the variability, severely alters the memories' performance between room temperature (RT)...conference paper 2023
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Montazerolghaem, M.A. (author), de Vreede, L.C.N. (author), Babaie, M. (author)By introducing three different techniques, this article, for the first time, presents a wideband highly linear receiver (RX) capable of handling blocking scenarios in fifth-generation (5G) microcell base station applications. First, a parallel preselect filter is introduced to satisfy the base station co-location blocking requirements. Next,...journal article 2023
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Alarcon, Eduard (author), Abadal, Sergi (author), Sebastiano, F. (author), Babaie, M. (author), Charbon-Iwasaki-Charbon, E. (author), Bolivar, Peter Haring (author), Palesi, Maurizio (author), Staszewski, R.B. (author), Almudever, Carmen G. (author)The grand challenge of scaling up quantum computers requires a full-stack architectural standpoint. In this position paper, we will present the vision of a new generation of scalable quantum computing architectures featuring distributed quantum cores (Qcores) interconnected via quantum-coherent qubit state transfer links and orchestrated via...conference paper 2023
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Shokrolahzade, E. (author), Sebastiano, F. (author), Mubarak, F.A. (author), Babaie, M. (author), Spirito, M. (author)In this contribution, we describe the modeling approaches and the characterization procedures used to develop accurate standard models for cryogenic, probe-level, calibrations substrates.The key electrical and mechanical parameters of the impedance terminations and the lines used in commercially available impedance standard substrates are...conference paper 2023
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Montazerolghaem, M.A. (author), de Vreede, L.C.N. (author), Babaie, M. (author)Recently, the so-called sub-6GHz band of the 5G new radio (NR) has been extended to 7.125GHz to address the relentless customer demand for higher data-rate communication. This demands a new design approach for the local area base-station (LA-BS) receivers (RXs) to cover a wide operating frequency range of 0.41 to 7.125GHz. Moreover, for NR...conference paper 2023
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Gao, Z. (author), Fritz, Martin (author), Spalink, Gerd (author), Staszewski, R.B. (author), Babaie, M. (author)In this article, we present a low-power digital phase-locked loop (PLL)-based phase modulator targeting low error vector magnitude (EVM). We introduce a new non-uniform clock compensation (NUCC) scheme to tackle an EVM degradation resulting from the beneficial use of a time-varying sampling clock that is re-timed to the phase-modulated...journal article 2023
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Anders, Jens (author), Babaie, M. (author), Bashir, Imran (author), Charbon, Edoardo (author), Geck, Lotte (author), Ibrahim, Mohamed I. (author), Sebastiano, F. (author), Staszewski, R.B. (author), Vladimirescu, A. (author)Over the past decade, significant progress in quantum technologies has been made, and hence, engineering of these systems has become an important research area. Many researchers have become interested in studying ways in which classical integrated circuits can be used to complement quantum mechanical systems, enabling more compact, performant...journal article 2023
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Kiene, G. (author), Overwater, R.W.J. (author), Babaie, M. (author), Sebastiano, F. (author)This paper presents a floating inverter amplifier (FIA) that performs high-linearity amplification and sampling while driving a 2<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\times$</tex-math> </inline-formula> time-interleaved (TI) SAR ADC, operating from room temperature (RT) down to 4.2 K. The power-efficient FIA...journal article 2023
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Kiene, G. (author), Overwater, R.W.J. (author), Catania, Alessandro (author), Gunaputi Sreenivasulu, A.M. (author), Bruschi, Paolo (author), Charbon-Iwasaki-Charbon, E. (author), Babaie, M. (author), Sebastiano, F. (author)This article presents a two-times interleaved, loop-unrolled SAR analog-to-digital converter (ADC) operational from 300 down to 4.2 K. The 6-8-bit resolution and the sampling speed up to 1 GS/s are targeted at digitizing the multi-channel frequency-multiplexed input in a spin-qubit reflectometry readout for quantum computing. To optimize the...journal article 2023
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Overwater, R.W.J. (author), Babaie, M. (author), Sebastiano, F. (author)Quantum error correction (QEC) is required in quantum computers to mitigate the effect of errors on physical qubits. When adopting a QEC scheme based on surface codes, error decoding is the most computationally expensive task in the classical electronic back-end. Decoders employing neural networks (NN) are well-suited for this task but their...journal article 2022
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Gong, J. (author), Chen, Y. (author), Charbon-Iwasaki-Charbon, E. (author), Sebastiano, F. (author), Babaie, M. (author)This article presents a 4-to-5GHz LC oscillator operating at 4.2K for quantum computing applications. The phase noise (PN) specification of the oscillator is derived based on the control fidelity for a single-qubit operation. To reveal the substantial gap between the theoretical predictions and measurement results at cryogenic temperatures, a...journal article 2022
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't Hart, P.A. (author), Huizinga, T. (author), Babaie, M. (author), Vladimirescu, A. (author), Sebastiano, F. (author)This work presents an experimental study of different components (resistors, diodes, transistors) in a standard 40-nm bulk CMOS process for their suitability as integrated cryogenic temperature sensors down to a temperature of 4.2K. It was found that most devices can be employed as sensors down to temperatures of approximately 50K, below...conference paper 2022
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Montazerolghaem, M.A. (author), de Vreede, L.C.N. (author), Babaie, M. (author)Recent sub-6GHz receivers (RXs) attempted to realize RF channel selection at the RX input for suppressing large close-in blockers. Although mixer-first RXs can achieve sharp RF filtering and good out-of-band (OOB) linearity, they suffer from large noise figure (NF) and high LO leakage [1] [2]. Alternatively, [3]–[5] exploited an N-path notch...conference paper 2022