The geographical scale of a circular economy: Introducing a framework to determine a relevant geographical scale for the recycling of materials, based on a case study of concrete and copper for the Municipality of Leiden

The implications of a CE and the transition towards it are widely researched. However, there is a lack of research into the relevant geographical scales of CE. Thus, this research aims to present a framework that identifies the optimal geographical scale for the recycling of materials based on various factors. The framework is tested against a...

The future of concrete recycling: An integrated life cycle environmental and cost analysis on the hotspots to improve the demolition and recycling practices across Europe

Building construction is a material-intensive process known for depleting natural resources, mainly gravel and sand, used in concrete production. At the same time, building demolition generates large amounts of construction and demolition waste (CDW), primarily consisting of end-of-life (EOL) concrete, a significant waste flow occurring in...