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Zhou, Feng (author), Yang, X. Jessie (author), de Winter, J.C.F. (author)Situation awareness (SA) is critical to improving takeover performance during the transition period from automated driving to manual driving. Although many studies measured SA during or after the driving task, few studies have attempted to predict SA in real time in automated driving. In this work, we propose to predict SA during the takeover...journal article 2022
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de Winter, J.C.F. (author), Petermeijer, S.M. (author), Abbink, D.A. (author)A major question in human-automation interaction is whether tasks should be traded or shared between human and automation. This work presents reflections—which have evolved through classroom debates between the authors over the past 10 years—on these two forms of human-automation interaction, with a focus on the automated driving domain. As...journal article 2022
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When terminology hinders research: the colloquialisms of transitions of control in automated drivingMaggi, Davide (author), Romano, Richard (author), Carsten, Oliver (author), de Winter, J.C.F. (author)During the last 20 years, technological advancement and economic interests have motivated research on automated driving and its impact on drivers’ behaviour, especially after transitions of control. Indeed, once the Automated Driving System (ADS) reaches its operational limits, it is forced to request human intervention. However, the fast...journal article 2022
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Mok, Chun Sang (author), Bazilinskyy, P. (author), de Winter, J.C.F. (author)Automated vehicles (AVs) can perform low-level control tasks but are not always capable of proper decision-making. This paper presents a concept of eye-based maneuver control for AV-pedestrian interaction. Previously, it was unknown whether the AV should conduct a stopping maneuver when the driver looks at the pedestrian or looks away from...journal article 2022
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Melman, T. (author), Tapus, Adriana (author), Jublot, Maxime (author), Mouton, Xavier (author), Abbink, D.A. (author), de Winter, J.C.F. (author)A key question in transportation research is whether drivers show behavioral adaptation, that is, slower or faster driving, when new technology is introduced into the vehicle. This study investigates behavioral adaptation in response to the sport mode, a technology that alters the vehicle's auditory, throttle-mapping, power-steering, and...journal article 2022
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de Winter, J.C.F. (author), Stanton, Neville (author), Eisma, Y.B. (author)The last decade has seen a surge of driving simulator research on automation-to-manual take-overs. In this commentary, we argue that most research within the take-over paradigm bears little resemblance to real automated driving. Furthermore, we claim that results within this paradigm could already be known based on published research from the...journal article 2021
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Kolekar, S.B. (author), Petermeijer, S.M. (author), Boer, E.R. (author), de Winter, J.C.F. (author), Abbink, D.A. (author)Quantifying drivers’ perceived risk is important in the design and evaluation of the behaviour of automated vehicles (AVs) and in predicting takeovers by the driver. A ‘Driver's Risk Field’ (DRF) function has been previously shown to be able to predict manual driving behaviour in several simulated scenarios. In this paper, we tested if the...journal article 2021
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Melman, T. (author), Visser, P. (author), Mouton, Xavier (author), de Winter, J.C.F. (author)Modern computerized vehicles offer the possibility of changing vehicle parameters with the aim of creating a novel driving experience, such as an increased feeling of sportiness. For example, electric vehicles can be designed to provide an artificial sound, and the throttle mapping can be adjusted to give drivers the illusion that they are...journal article 2021
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Pouran, Behdad (author), Raoof, Amir (author), de Winter, D. A.Matthijs (author), Arbabi, V. (author), Bleys, Ronald L.A.W. (author), Beekman, F.J. (author), Zadpoor, A.A. (author), Malda, Jos (author), Weinans, Harrie (author)Recent insights suggest that the osteochondral interface plays a central role in maintaining healthy articulating joints. Uncovering the underlying transport mechanisms is key to the understanding of the cross-talk between articular cartilage and subchondral bone. Here, we describe the mechanisms that facilitate transport at the osteochondral...journal article 2021
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Onkhar, V. (author), Bazilinskyy, P. (author), Stapel, J.C.J. (author), Dodou, D. (author), Gavrila, D. (author), de Winter, J.C.F. (author)Non-verbal communication, such as eye contact between drivers and pedestrians, has been regarded as one way to reduce accident risk. So far, studies have assumed rather than objectively measured the occurrence of eye contact. We address this research gap by developing an eye contact detection method and testing it in an indoor experiment with...journal article 2021
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Driessen, T. (author), Picco, Angèle (author), Dodou, D. (author), de Waard, Dick (author), de Winter, J.C.F. (author)Vehicles are increasingly equipped with sensors that capture the state of the driver, the vehicle, and the environment. These developments are relevant to formal driver testing, but little is known about the extent to which driving examiners would support the use of sensor data in their job. This semi-structured interview study examined the...journal article 2021
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Epke, Michael R. (author), Kooijman, L. (author), de Winter, J.C.F. (author)Automated vehicles (AVs) are able to detect pedestrians reliably but still have difficulty in predicting pedestrians' intentions from their implicit body language. This study examined the effects of using explicit hand gestures and receptive external human-machine interfaces (eHMIs) in the interaction between pedestrians and AVs. Twenty-six...journal article 2021
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Bazilinskyy, P. (author), Sakuma, Tsuyoshi (author), de Winter, J.C.F. (author)An important question in the development of automated vehicles (AVs) is which driving style AVs should adopt and how other road users perceive them. The current study aimed to determine which AV behaviours contribute to pedestrians' judgements as to whether the vehicle is driving manually or automatically as well as judgements of likeability....journal article 2021
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de Winter, J.C.F. (author), Petermeijer, S.M. (author), Kooijman, L. (author), Dodou, D. (author)Several papers by Eckhard Hess from the 1960s and 1970s report that the pupils dilate or constrict according to the interest value, arousing content, or mental demands of visual stimuli. However, Hess mostly used small sample sizes and undocumented luminance control. In a first experiment (N = 182) and a second preregistered experiment (N =...journal article 2021
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Oudshoorn, Max (author), de Winter, J.C.F. (author), Bazilinskyy, P. (author), Dodou, D. (author)Various external human-machine interfaces (eHMIs) have been proposed that communicate the intent of automated vehicles (AVs) to vulnerable road users. However, there is no consensus on which eHMI concept is most suitable for intent communication. In nature, animals have evolved the ability to communicate intent via visual signals. Inspired by...journal article 2021
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Bazilinskyy, P. (author), Kooijman, L. (author), Dodou, D. (author), de Winter, J.C.F. (author)External human-machine interfaces (eHMIs) may be useful for communicating the intention of an automated vehicle (AV) to a pedestrian, but it is unclear which eHMI design is most effective. In a crowdsourced experiment, we examined the effects of (1) colour (red, green, cyan), (2) position (roof, bumper, windshield), (3) message (WALK, DON'T...journal article 2021
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Doubek, F.H. (author), Salzmann, Falk (author), de Winter, J.C.F. (author)Future vehicles may drive automatically in a human-like manner or contain systems that monitor human driving ability. Algorithms of these systems must have knowledge of criteria of good and safe driving behavior with regard to different driving styles. In the current study, interviews were conducted with 30 drivers, including driving...journal article 2021
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de Winter, J.C.F. (author), Bazilinskyy, P. (author), Wesdorp, Dale (author), de Vlam, Valerie (author), Hopmans, Belle (author), Visscher, Just (author), Dodou, D. (author)We examined what pedestrians look at when walking through a parking garage. Thirty-six participants walked a short route in a parking garage while their eye movements and head rotations were recorded with a Tobii Pro Glasses 2 eye-tracker. The participants’ fixations were then classified into 14 areas of interest. The results showed that...journal article 2021
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Sripada, Anirudh (author), Bazilinskyy, P. (author), de Winter, J.C.F. (author)It may be necessary to introduce new modes of communication between automated vehicles (AVs) and pedestrians. This research proposes using the AV’s lateral deviation within the lane to communicate if the AV will yield to the pedestrian. In an online experiment, animated video clips depicting an approaching AV were shown to participants. Each...journal article 2021
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Tabone, W. (author), de Winter, J.C.F. (author), Ackermann, Claudia (author), Bärgman, Jonas (author), Baumann, Martin (author), Deb, Shuchisnigdha (author), Emmenegger, Colleen (author), Habibovic, Azra (author), Hagenzieker, Marjan (author), Hancock, P. A. (author), Happee, R. (author), Krems, Josef (author), Lee, John D. (author), Martens, Marieke (author), Merat, Natasha (author), Norman, Don (author), Sheridan, Thomas B. (author), Stanton, Neville A. (author)Automated driving research over the past decades has mostly focused on highway environments. Recent technological developments have drawn researchers and manufacturers to look ahead at introducing automated driving in cities. The current position paper examines this challenge from the viewpoint of scientific experts. Sixteen Human Factors...journal article 2021