Design and Operation Optimization of Hybrid Energy Systems for a General Cargo Vessel: Well-to-Wake Emission Analysis and Plant Lifetime Estimation

The Global Shipping industry is responsible for transporting 90% of global commerce and is responsible for 3% of global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Addressing this, the International Maritime Organization (IMO) aims to reduce GHG emissions from international shipping by 40% by 2030 and achieve net zero by 2050. This study explores Low...