Mapping the Energy ADE to CityGML 3.0

In order to limit the global warming to well below 2 degrees Celsius, all sectors have to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions and become more sustainable. This also includes the building sector, which is in Europe responsible for 40% of the total energy consumption (European Commission, 2020). A way to work towards this goal is by retrofitting...

An integrative workflow for 3D city model versioning

3D city models are continuously becoming more popular among practitioners due to the volume and versatility of information they contain, which makes them suitable to be used in various applications. However, there is no mechanism to allow maintaining them updated at the same pace that cities evolve, or when error correction is necessary,...

Modelling different levels of detail of roads and intersections in 3D city models

In the last two decades there has been a steady rise in the gathering and use of 3D geo-information. A common way to store and use 3D data is by using 3D city models. In 3D city models, geo-information can be stored at different levels of detail. CityGML, the most commonly used data model and encoding for 3D city models, uses five levels of...

Urban Vegetation Modeling 3D Levels of Detail

3D city models are now common planning and analysis tools. Urban vegetation as a feature in these models, however, is neglected overshadowed by the focus on buildings, so its inclusion in 3D city models is often symbolic. On the other hand, urban vegetation improves the comfort and social well being of a city’s inhabitants and is a resource for...

Exploring the automatic Level of Detail inference for the validation of buildings in 3D city models

There are several 3D city models available openly, worldwide. These models are used in various applications, from which many expects a homogeneous Level of Detail (LoD). Validating the accuracy of the LoD of a model requires the inference its LoD class and its conformance to the real-world object. This process quickly becomes infeasible for...

Bidirectional enrichment of CityGML and Multi-View Stereo Mesh models

The use of 3D city models has increased the last decades due to the evolution of technology. Their use is related to the need for solutions on issues that correspond to the building environment. Modelling aspects, like geometric, semantic information and topology are necessary, in order to provide an integrated result of spatial analysis. The...