Turbulence structures affecting stone stability in backward-facing step flow: Experiments by means of Particle Image Velocimetry

Downstream of man-made hydraulic structures, bed protections made of granular material are often used to prevent erosion of the bottom. The stones in the top layer of such granular filters must be able to withstand the hydraulic forces. Probably the best-known formula that is used to determine the stability of granular bed material is the design...