4D Bioprinting: Temporal Stiffening of Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Laden Hyaluronic Acid-Alginate Scaffolds for Cartilage Constructs

Three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting studies the initial condition of printed constructs, which makes construct static, and neglects the dynamic changes in natural tissue conformation during tissue repair, disease progression and regeneration processes. Therefore, the concept of four-dimensional (4D) bioprinting has been introduced that allows for...

The Effect of Mechanical Strain on Non-enzymatic Cross-linking of Collagen type II Fibrils in Articular Cartilage

Investigations into mechanotransduction in connective tissue extracellular matrix (ECM) have demonstrated that collagen networks show cell-independent mechanosensitive behavior. It has been suggested that mechanical strain could lead to conformational changes in the molecular structure of collagen, thereby influencing the susceptibility to other...