Exploring CI combustion of ammonia and hydrogen in an ICE with a single-zone thermodynamic model incorporating reaction kinetics

This graduation thesis studies the CI combustion of ammonia and hydrogen in an ICE. It contains a review of the literature and a modeling study of the ignition and cylinder performance of the AmmoniaDrive test engine. AmmoniaDrive is a NWO-funded research project that aims to decarbonize shipping by introducing an ammonia-fuelled SOFC-ICE power...

An Ammonia-Fuelled Solid Oxide Fuel Cell - Internal Combustion Engine Hybrid System for Ships

Ammonia (NH3) may reduce CO2 emissions from the marine industry as it is carbon-free and more energy-dense than hydrogen or batteries. Pure ammonia exhibits poor combustion characteristics, so several researchers have already operated small-scale internal combustion engines (ICEs) with ammonia-hydrogen blends. However, nitrogen oxides NOx and...

An investigation of hydrogen-ammonia combustion inside internal combustion engines

Ammonia can become an attractive alternative fuel source on-board of ships, since it does not produce SOx and carbon related emissions (including CO2, CO and soot). However, pure ammonia combustion is too slow to drive an internal combustion engine (ICE), a promoter fuel such as hydrogen is needed to speed up the combustion process. Since the...

Online Distributed Approach for Aerodynamic Model Identification of the ICE Aircraft

Indirect adaptive control for the Innovative Control Effectors (ICE) aircraft requires an online aerodynamic model identification strategy to re-estimate the aerodynamic coefficients. Simplotope B-splines in combination with distributed optimization enables for local updates in a global aerodynamic model. This combination reduces the estimation...

Direct Force Control for the ICE aircraft: A novel control strategy

This thesis presents a new control philosophy based on Direct Force Control (DFC) for over-actuated aircraft. It is predicated on simultaneously controlling all six Degrees of Freedom (DoF). The Innovative Control Effectors (ICE) aircraft with its thirteen-part control effector suite is the subject of study. Active-Set (A-S) based Incremental...

A modeling study to investigate performance of SOFC-ICE hybrid systems for marine applications

Emissions restrictions imposed by the International Maritime Organization (IMO) is forcing ship owners and builders to look into alternative fuels and prime movers. The high efficiency of fuel cells could help to decrease emissions in marine power generation. Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) are the most fuel flexible among fuel cells, the high...

Modeling Dual Fuel Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) Running on Methanol and Diesel

Waterborn transport currently runs on diesel driven Internal Combustion Engines<br/>(ICE). To reduce Green House Gas (GHG) emissions an option is to shift towards<br/>alternative fuels, like alcohols. This thesis focusses on methanol in ICEs. The<br/>combustion of methanol in ICEs can be done in numerous manners, where fuel<br/>altering,...

Minimum drag control allocation for the Innovative Control Effector aircraft: Optimal use of control redundancy on modern fighters

The Innovative Control Effector model is a tailless delta-wing aircraft concept equipped with 11 control surfaces with overlapping functionality and two-directional thrust vectoring. The high level of redundancy makes it an interesting object for research on mission-specific control allocation. A (spline-based) incremental control allocation...

Nonlinear Control Allocation for a High-Performance Tailless Aircraft with Innovative Control Effectors: An Incremental Robust Approach

Conventional linear control allocation (LCA) methods fail to provide satisfactory performance in flight control systems (FCS) for aircraft with highly nonlinear and coupled control effector suites, especially for tailless aircraft with strong interactions between control effectors. This thesis implements an incremental nonlinear control...

Physical Splines for Aerodynamic Modelling of Innovative Control Effectors

Multivariate simplex B-splines as a modelling technique provide more accurate models than standard polynomial models, which makes them an excellent modelling tool. Their coefficients, which are expressed in a barycentric coordinate system, are abstract. In this paper a physical transformation matrix is derived which can be applied to transform B...