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Dou, X. (author), Zhou, Jiakang (author), Zhang, Yuquan (author), Min, Changjun (author), Pereira, S.F. (author), Yuan, Xiaocong (author)Optical singularities indicate zero-intensity points in space where parameters, such as phase, polarization, are undetermined. Vortex beams such as the Laguerre–Gaussian modes are characterized by a phase factor e<sup>il</sup><sup>θ</sup>, and contain a phase singularity in the middle of its beam. In the case of a transversal optical...journal article 2023