Large-eddy simulation of dual-fuel spray ignition at varying levels of methane diluted ambient oxidizer using FGM

In the current work, the Flamelet Generated Manifold (FGM) method is applied with large-eddy simulation (LES) to investigate the effect of methane on dual-fuel (DF) spray ignition. The diesel surrogate n-dodecane is injected as the so-called pilot fuel into selected lean methane–air mixtures, ranging from ϕ_CH₄=0 to ϕ<sub...

Customized data-driven RANS closures for bi-fidelity LES–RANS optimization

Multi-fidelity optimization methods promise a high-fidelity optimum at a cost only slightly greater than a low-fidelity optimization. This promise is seldom achieved in practice, due to the requirement that low- and high-fidelity models correlate well. In this article, we propose an efficient bi-fidelity shape optimization method for...