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Biljecki, F. (author), Ledoux, H. (author), Stoter, J.E. (author)
3D city models are characterised by the level of detail (LOD), which indicates their spatio-semantic complexity. Modelling data in finer LODs results in visually appealing models and opens the door for more applications, but that is at the expense of increased costs of acquisition, and larger storage footprint. In this paper we investigate...
book chapter 2017
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Arroyo Ohori, G.A.K. (author), Biljecki, F. (author), Kumar, Kavisha (author), Ledoux, H. (author), Stoter, J.E. (author)
CityGML is the most important international standard used to model cities and landscapes in 3D with extensive semantics. Compared to BIM standards such as IFC, CityGML models are usually less detailed but they cover a much greater spatial extent. They are also available in any of five standardized levels of detail. CityGML serves as an exchange...
book chapter 2018
document
Biljecki, F. (author), Ledoux, H. (author), Stoter, J. (author)
This paper describes the analysis of the propagation of positional uncertainty in 3D city models to the uncertainty in the computation of their volumes. Current work related to error propagation in GIS is limited to 2D data and 2D GIS operations, especially of rasters. In this research we have (1) developed two engines, one that generates random...
conference paper 2014
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Biljecki, F. (author), Stoter, J. (author)
conference paper 2013
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Arroyo Ohori, K. (author), Biljecki, F. (author), Stoter, J. (author), Ledoux, H. (author)
Real-world phenomena have traditionally been modelled in a GIS in two and three dimensions. However, powerful insights can be gained by the integration of additional non-spatial dimensions, such as time and scale, in a higher dimensional spatial model. While this theory is conceptually sound, there is a lack of understanding of its consequences...
conference paper 2013
document
Biljecki, F. (author), Ledoux, H. (author), Stoter, J.E. (author)
The geometry of the LOD1 block model of CityGML may be represented in a multitude of valid variants, e.g. it may represent individual buildings or aggregated blocks. The geometric representations within each of these, such as the reference of the footprint of a building, are not standardised in CityGML and are not informed in the metadata. The...
conference paper 2014
document
Biljecki, F. (author), Ledoux, H. (author), Stoter, J.E. (author)
The CityGML standard enables the modelling of some topological relationships, and the representation in multiple levels of detail (LODs). However, both concepts are rarely utilised in reality. In this paper we investigate the linking of corresponding geometric features across multiple representations. We describe the possible topological cases,...
conference paper 2014
document
Stoter, Jantien (author), Ploeger, Hendrik (author), Roes, Ruben (author), van der Riet, Els (author), Biljecki, Filip (author), Ledoux, Hugo (author)
This paper reports on the first 3D cadastral registration of multi-level ownerships rights in the Netherlands, which was accomplished in March 2016. It is the result of a study that was undertaken from 2013 to 2015 to determine how insight about multi-level ownership can be provided in 3D by the cadastral registration. The solution was sought...
conference paper 2016
document
Biljecki, F. (author), Zhao, J. (author), Stoter, J.E. (author), Ledoux, H. (author)
This review paper discusses the concept of level of detail in 3D city modelling, and is a first step towards a foundation for a standardised definition. As an introduction, a few level of detail specifications, outlooks and approaches are given from the industry. The paper analyses the general uncertainties and shortcomings around the concept of...
conference paper 2013
document
Biljecki, F. (author), Ledoux, H. (author), Stoter, J.E. (author)
The production and dissemination of semantic 3D city models is rapidly increasing benefiting a growing number of use cases. However, their availability in multiple LODs and in the CityGML format is still problematic in practice. This hinders applications and experiments where multi-LOD datasets are required as input, for instance, to determine...
conference paper 2016
document
Biljecki, F. (author), Ledoux, H. (author), Du, X. (author), Stoter, J.E. (author), Soon, Kean Huat (author), Khoo, Victor (author)
To be used as input in most simulation and modelling software, 3D city models should be geometrically and topologically valid, and semantically rich. We investigate in this paper what is the quality of currently available CityGML datasets, i.e. we validate the geometry/topology of the 3D primitives (Solid and MultiSurface), and we validate...
conference paper 2016
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Stoter, J.E. (author), Ledoux, H. (author), Zlatanova, S. (author), Biljecki, F. (author)
This paper summarises the on going research activities of the 3D Geoinformation Group at the Delft University of Technology. The main challenge underpinning the research of this group is providing clean and appropriate 3D data about our environment in order to serve a wide variety of applications. The research aims at designing, developing and...
conference paper 2016
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Arroyo Ohori, G.A.K. (author), Biljecki, F. (author), Diakite, A.A. (author), Krijnen, Thomas (author), Ledoux, H. (author), Stoter, J.E. (author)
Geographic information and building information modelling both model buildings and infrastructure, but the way in which they are modelled is usually complimentary and BIM-GIS integration is widely considered as a way forward for both domains. For one, more detailed BIM data can feed more general GIS data and GIS data can provide the context...
conference paper 2017
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Stoter, J.E. (author), Biljecki, Filip (author), Ho, Serene (author)
During the past decade, hundreds of research papers have been published on the challenge of registering multi-level properties in land administration and cadastral registrations. In addition, many pilots have been carried out to show potential solutions. However, fundamental and standardised solutions for 3D cadastre are still rare. In this...
conference paper 2020
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van der Vaart, J.A.J. (author), Stoter, J.E. (author), Diakite, A.A. (author), Biljecki, F. (author), Arroyo Ohori, G.A.K. (author), Hakim, Amir (author)
Although level of detail (LoD) is a central concept in 3D city modelling, specifying different LoDs in an unambiguous manner is not straightforward. To resolve this, a set of frameworks have been developed. This paper evaluates the suitability of the LoD framework of (Biljecki et al. 2016) for 3D building models that have been generated directly...
conference paper 2024
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Stoter, J.E. (author), Ploeger, H.D. (author), Roes, Ruben (author), van der Riet, Els (author), Biljecki, F. (author), Ledoux, H. (author)
This paper reports on the first 3D cadastral registration of multi-level ownerships rights in the Netherlands, which was accomplished in March 2016. It is the result of a study that was undertaken from 2013 to 2015 to determine how insight about multi-level ownership can be provided in 3D by the cadastral registration. The solution was sought...
conference paper 2016
document
Arroyo Ohori, G.A.K. (author), Ledoux, H. (author), Biljecki, F. (author), Stoter, J.E. (author)
The various levels of detail (LODs) of a 3D city model are often stored independently, without links between the representations of the same object, causing inconsistencies, as well as update and maintenance problems. One solution to this problem is to model the LOD as an extra geometric dimension perpendicular to the three spatial ones,...
journal article 2015
document
Biljecki, F. (author), Ledoux, H. (author), Stoter, J.E. (author)
Cities are increasingly adopting 3D city models for 3D visualisation, computing solar panel potential of roofs, and other applications. In a similar way to traditional maps, 3D models are an abstraction of the real world: certain elements are simplifi ed or omitted. The amount of detail that is captured in a 3D model, both in terms of geometry...
journal article 2014
document
Biljecki, F. (author), Stoter, J.E. (author), Ledoux, H. (author), Zlatanova, S. (author), Coltekin, A. (author)
In the last decades, 3D city models appear to have been predominantly used for visualisation; however, today they are being increasingly employed in a number of domains and for a large range of tasks beyond visualisation. In this paper, we seek to understand and document the state of the art regarding the utilisation of 3D city models across...
journal article 2015
document
Biljecki, F. (author), Ledoux, H. (author), Stoter, J.E. (author), Zhao, J. (author)
The level of detail in 3D city modelling, despite its usefulness and importance, is still an ambiguous and undefined term. It is used for the communication of how thoroughly real-world features have been acquired and modelled, as we demonstrate in this paper. Its definitions vary greatly between practitioners, standards and institutions. We...
journal article 2014
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