The contribution of trade to production-Based carbon dioxide emissions

International trade and emission offshoring can reduce a country's domestic carbon dioxide emissions, helping it to reach emission reduction targets set under the prevailing territorial climate policy frameworks. We ask what is the net contribution of trade to national production-based emissions. Existing metrics (consumption-based emissions and...

On the Interpretation and Measurement of Technology-Adjusted Emissions Embodied in Trade

We propose a new method for standardizing the production technology at the world average level and derive interpretations for the resulting carbon emission concepts. The technology-adjusted emission balance measures net weak carbon leakage defined as the difference between the foreign emissions avoided by exports and the foreign emissions...

CO2 hydrogenation to methanol over Cd4/TiO2 catalyst: Insight into multifunctional interface

Supported metal catalysts have shown to be efficient for CO ₂ conversion due to their multifunctionality and high stability. Herein, we have combined density functional theory calculations with microkinetic modeling to investigate the catalytic reaction mechanisms of CO ₂ hydrogenation to CH ₃OH over a...

High-speed imaging of degassing kinetics of CO2–water mixtures

The exsolution of gas molecules from gas–liquid mixtures plays a significant role in a wide range of applications from industrial processes such as metal casting to subsurface flow of oil or geothermal waters. This study aims to improve the understanding of the conditions under which free gas bubbles start forming in CO2–water mixtures. The...

Sustainability of Railway Passenger Services: A Review of Aspects, Issues, Contributions and Challenges of Life Cycle Emissions

This paper presents a review of research and models regarding sustainability of railway passenger services. In order to take into account all relevant aspects in terms of environmental impacts of a railway passenger service, a holistic system perspective is required, that includes a whole life cycle assessment. A life cycle approach is important...

Electrokinetic and Poroelastic Characterization of Porous Media: Application to CO2 storage monitoring

Monitoring the properties of a CO2 storage reservoir is important for two main reasons: firstly, to verify that the injected CO2 is safely contained in the reservoir rock as planned, and secondly, to provide data which can be used to update the existing reservoir models and support eventual mitigation measures in case of deviation from the CO2...

Application of microwave plasma technology to convert CO₂ into high value products

The global energy challenges along with global warming are regarded as the most important issues faced by humankind in the 21st century. A fossil fuels-based energy economy cannot support the rapidly increasing world energy demand in a sustainable manner. Hence, the development and implementation of alternative solutions to the use of fossil...

Potential CO2 savings by increasing truck size: A Korean case study

n this paper, we present a method to estimate CO2 reduction potential by increasing the truck size. Trucks are apparently the most preferred freight transport option for most shippers. Therefore, increasing the truck size may be a realizable and practical strategy, except when logistics companies (truck owners) tailor their truck sizes to...

Capillary-Driven Transport of Dissolved Salt to the Drying Zone During CO2 Injection in Homogeneous and Layered Porous Media

A major challenge of CO2 injection into saline aquifers is the risk of formation clogging due to salt precipitation. Capillary-driven flow of brine can provide a continuous transport of dissolved salt toward the dry zone around the injection well where it ultimately precipitates due to evaporation. In this study, core flooding experiments were...

Extraction of layer-specific seismic velocity in a porous medium through seismic interferometry applied to ultrasonic measurements of CO2 sequestration

Purpose: Time-lapse seismic monitoring constitutes the foundation for most monitoring programmes involving CO2 storage. When using time-lapse seismics, two major sources of uncertainty in the estimation of changes in the reservoir properties, like saturation and pressure, are the non-repeatability of the source positions and the difficulty to...

Degradation of CIGS solar cells

Thin film CIGS solar cells and individual layers within these solar cells have been tested in order to assess their long term stability. Alongside with the execution of standard tests, in which elevated temperatures and humidity levels are used, the solar cells have also been exposed to a combination of elevated temperature and humidity and...

Numerical Simulation of Natural Convection in Heterogeneous Porous media for CO2 Geological Storage

We report a modeling and numerical simulation study of density-driven natural convection during geological CO2 storage in heterogeneous formations. We consider an aquifer or depleted oilfield overlain by gaseous CO2, where the water density increases due to CO2 dissolution. The heterogeneity of the aquifer is represented by spatial variations of...

Numerical modeling of CO2 mineralisation during storage in deep saline aquifers

Simulations are performed to evaluate the feasibility of a potential site within the Rotliegend sandstone formation in the Dutch subsurface at a depth of around 3000 m for CO2 sequestration using the numerical simulator CMG-GEM. Three CO2 storage trapping mechanisms are studied: (1) mobility trapping, (2) solubility trapping, and (3) mineral...

Intermodal Freight Transport on the Right Track?: Environmental and economic performances and their trade-off

This dissertation aims to evaluate environmental and economic performances of an intermodal freight transport system and to estimate the trade-off between CO2 emissions, wich is epresented as an indicator of environmental performance, and freight costs, which ndicate the economic performance of the intermodal freight system. The truck-only...

Enhanced transport phenomena in CO2 sequestration and CO2 EOR

The results of this thesis give insight into the (mass)-transfer during flow of gases, especially CO2, in various gas-liquid systems. A number of experiments was performed to investigate the transport phenomena through interfaces with and without surfactant monolayers. The observed phenomena have been incorporated into physical models to predict...

Resolving CO2 and methane hydrate formation kinetics

We analyse the kinetics of CO2 and methane hydrate formation. The characteristic formation times are associated with different steps of the formation process. Conditions for minimising these rate times are identified while maintaining a regime where CO2 hydrate is formed and methane remains predominantly gaseous. This involves a rapid...

Enabling Electrocatalytic Fischer–Tropsch Synthesis from Carbon Dioxide Over Copper-based Electrodes

We report on the discovery that paraffins and olefins up to C6 hydrocarbons can be obtained in CO2 electroreduction at room temperature and atmospheric pressure by application of a commercially available Cu-electrode (Eurofysica), provided pretreatment by electropolishing is avoided. The product distribution follows the Schultz–Flory...