The influence of the leakage length on the initiation of backward erosion piping: (Paper and Abstract)

The earliest relation describing the risk of backward erosion piping, from Bligh in 1915, calculates an overall gradient over the dike. This gradient should be lower than a certain value depending on the material of the dike foundation for the dike to be safe. Later developments rationalize this number, showing the influence of grain size,...

The permeability of closely placed blocks on gravel

The permeability of a layer of closely placed concrete blocks on a sublayer of gravel or sand without a geotextile has been investigated. The results indicate that the permeability of the blocks can be described as a combination of the permeability of the joints and the permeability of the the gravel just below the blocks. The permeability of...