Characterizing CO2 Reduction Catalysts on Gas Diffusion Electrodes: Comparing Activity, Selectivity, and Stability of Transition Metal Catalysts

Continued advancements in the electrochemical reduction of CO 2 (CO 2RR) have emphasized that reactivity,selectivity, and stability are not explicit material properties butcombined effects of the catalyst, double-layer, reaction environ-<br/>ment, and system configuration. These realizations have steadily built upon the foundational work...

Modeling the Local Environment within Porous Electrode during Electrochemical Reduction of Bicarbonate

The electrochemical reduction of bicarbonate to renewable chemicals without external gaseous CO2 supply has been motivated as a means of integrating conversion with upstream CO2 capture. The way that CO2 is formed and transported during CO2-mediated bicarbonate reduction in flow cells is profoundly different from conventional CO2 saturated...

High Indirect Energy Consumption in AEM-Based CO₂Electrolyzers Demonstrates the Potential of Bipolar Membranes

Typically, anion exchange membranes (AEMs) are used in CO2 electrolyzers, but those suffer from unwanted CO2 crossover, implying (indirect) energy consumption for generating an excess of CO2 feed and purification of the KOH anolyte. As an alternative, bipolar membranes (BPMs) have been suggested, which mitigate the reactant loss by...

Cation-Driven Increases of CO₂Utilization in a Bipolar Membrane Electrode Assembly for CO₂Electrolysis

Advancing reaction rates for electrochemical CO2 reduction in membrane electrode assemblies (MEAs) have boosted the promise of the technology while exposing new shortcomings. Among these is the maximum utilization of CO2, which is capped at 50% (CO as targeted product) due to unwanted homogeneous reactions. Using bipolar membranes in an MEA ...

Along the Channel Gradients Impact on the Spatioactivity of Gas Diffusion Electrodes at High Conversions during CO₂Electroreduction

Results of a 2-D transport model for a gas diffusion electrode performing CO2 reduction to CO with a flowing catholyte are presented, including the concentration gradients along the flow cell, spatial distribution of the current density and local pH in the catalyst layer. The model predicts that both the concentration of CO2 and the buffer...

Role of the Carbon-Based Gas Diffusion Layer on Flooding in a Gas Diffusion Electrode Cell for Electrochemical CO₂ Reduction

The deployment of gas diffusion electrodes (GDEs) for the electrochemical CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR) has enabled current densities an order of magnitude greater than those of aqueous H cells. The gains in production, however, have come with stability challenges due to rapid flooding of GDEs, which frustrate both laboratory experiments and...

Electrochemical CO₂ reduction on nanostructured metal electrodes: Fact or defect?

Electrochemical CO₂ reduction has received an increased amount of interest in the last decade as a promising avenue for storing renewable electricity in chemical bonds. Despite considerable progress on catalyst performance using nanostructured electrodes, the sensitivity of the reaction to process conditions has led to debate on...

In Situ Infrared Spectroscopy Reveals Persistent Alkalinity near Electrode Surfaces during CO₂ Electroreduction

Over the past decade, electrochemical carbon dioxide reduction has become a thriving area of research with the aim of converting electricity to renewable chemicals and fuels. Recent advances through catalyst development have significantly improved selectivity and activity. However, drawing potential dependent structure-activity relationships...

The role of storm scale, position and movement in controlling urban flood response

The impact of spatial and temporal variability of rainfall on hydrological response remains poorly understood, in particular in urban catchments due to their strong variability in land use, a high degree of imperviousness and the presence of stormwater infrastructure. In this study, we analyze the effect of storm scale, position and movement...

The complexities of urban flood response: Flood frequency analyses for the Charlotte metropolitan region

We examine urban flood response through data-driven analyses for a diverse sample of “small” watersheds (basin scale ranging from 7.0 to 111.1 km²) in the Charlotte Metropolitan region. These watersheds have experienced extensive urbanization and suburban development since the 1960s. The objective of this study is to develop a...