Development of Combined Load Spectra for Offshore Structures Subjected to Wind, Wave, and Ice Loading

Fixed offshore wind turbines continue to be developed for high latitude areas where not only wind and wave loads need to be considered but also moving sea ice. Current rules and regulations for the design of fixed offshore structures in ice-covered waters do not adequately consider the effects of ice loading and its stochastic nature on the...

Fatigue Strength Of Fixed Offshore Structures Under Variable Amplitude Loading Due To Wind, Wave, And Ice Action

Fixed offshore wind turbines are increasingly developed for high latitude areas where not only wind and wave loads need to be considered, but also moving sea ice. Current structural design rules do not adequately consider the effect of ice loading on fatigue life, due to missing studies on fatigue strength of welded joints under combined wind,...

Electron tunneling rates in respiratory complex I are tuned for efficient energy conversion

Respiratory complex I converts the free energy of ubiquinone reduction by NADH into a proton motive force, a redox reaction catalyzed by flavin mononucleotide(FMN) and a chain of seven iron–sulfur centers. Electron transfer rates between the centers were determined by ultrafast freezequenching and analysis by EPR and UV/Vis spectroscopy. The...

Electron Tunneling Rates in Respiratory Complex?I Are Tuned for Efficient Energy Conversion

Respiratory complex I converts the free energy of ubiquinone reduction by NADH into a proton motive force, a redox reaction catalyzed by flavin mononucleotide(FMN) and a chain of seven iron–sulfur centers. Electron transfer rates between the centers were determined by ultrafast freeze-quenching and analysis by EPR and UV/Vis spectroscopy. The...

Die Elektronentunnelraten im Atmungskettenkomplex I sind auf eine effiziente Energiewandlung abgestimmt

Der Atmungskettenkomplex I wandelt die freie Energie, die bei der Reduktion von Ubichinon durch NADH frei wird, in einen Protonengradienten über die Membran um. Die biologische Redoxreaktion wird von einem Flavinmononukleotid und einer Kette von sieben Eisen-Schwefel-Zentren katalysiert. Die Elektronentransfergeschwindigkeiten zwischen den...