A review of methods on buildability quantification of extrusion-based 3D concrete printing: From analytical modelling to numerical simulation

Herein, different kinds of methods for buildability quantification of 3D concrete printing are reviewed, including experimental approaches, analytical modelling, and numerical simulations. A brief introduction on printing process is first given. This discusses the material properties in different stages. Material printability, which...

Does early age creep influence buildability of 3D printed concrete? Insights from numerical simulations

Cementitious materials may exhibit significant creep at very early age. This is potentially important for concrete 3D printing, where the material is progressively loaded even before it sets. However, does creep actually affect the buildability of 3D printed concrete? Herein, the influence of early-age creep on the buildability of 3D printed...

Effect of curing methods during a long time gap between two printing sessions on the interlayer bonding of 3D printed cementitious materials

A good bond between the layers of 3D printed cementitious materials is a prerequisite for having high structural rigidity for the printed elements. However, the influence of printing process on an interlayer bond is still not well understood. This study investigates the influence of curing methods (i.e., air curing, plastic film covering, wet...

Predicting early-age stress evolution in restrained concrete by thermo-chemo-mechanical model and active ensemble learning

Early-age stress (EAS) is an important index for evaluating the early-age cracking risk of concrete. This paper encompasses a thermo-chemo-mechanical (TCM) model and active ensemble learning (AEL) for predicting the EAS evolution. The TCM model provides the data for the AEL model. First, based on Fourier's law, Arrhenius’ equation, and rate...

A discrete lattice model for assessment of buildability performance of 3D-printed concrete

In this work, the lattice model is applied to study the printing process and quantify the buildability (i.e., the maximum height that can be printed) for 3D concrete printing (3DCP). The model simulates structural failure by incorporating an element birth technique, time-dependent stiffness and strength, printing velocity, non-uniform...