Synergistic effects of cerium-containing bioactive glasses and apoptotic extracellular vesicles alleviate bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of jaw

Bisphosphonates (BPs) are commonly used to treat skeletal diseases. However, long-term use of BPs can lead to BP-related jaw bone necrosis (BRONJ), particularly in patients undergoing tooth extraction surgery. The treatment of BRONJ remains challenging due to the local inflammatory microenvironment. To address this issue, we developed...