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29.2 A Cryo-CMOS Controller with Class-DE Driver and DC Magnetic-Field Tuning for Color-Center-Based Quantum Computers

Enthoven, L.A. (author), Fakkel, N.E. (author), Bartling, H.P. (author), van Riggelen, M. (author), Schymik, K.N. (author), Yun, J. (author), Tsapanou Katranara, E. (author), Vollmer, R. (author), Taminiau, T.H. (author), Sebastiano, F. (author), Babaie, M. (author)

Color-center quantum bits (qubits), such as the Nitrogen-Vacancy center (NV) in diamond, have demonstrated entanglement between remote (>1.3km) qubits and excellent coherence times [1], all while operating at a few Kelvins. Compared to other qubit technologies typically operating at mK temperatures, the higher operating temperature of NVs...

conference paper 2024

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29.3 A Cryo-CMOS Receiver with 15K Noise Temperature Achieving 9.8dB SNR in 10μs Integration Time for Spin Qubit Readout

Prabowo, B. (author), Pietx i Casas, O. (author), Montazerolghaem, M.A. (author), Scappucci, G. (author), Vandersypen, L.M.K. (author), Sebastiano, F. (author), Babaie, M. (author)

Continuous rounds of quantum error correction (QEC) are essential to achieve faulttolerant quantum computers (QCs). In each QEC cycle, thousands of ancilla quantum bits (qubits) must be read out faster than the qubits' decoherence time (<<T2∗~120μs for spin qubits). To address this urgent need, several CMOS receivers operating at...

conference paper 2024

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A Cryo-CMOS PLL for Quantum Computing Applications

Gong, J. (author), Charbon-Iwasaki-Charbon, E. (author), Sebastiano, F. (author), Babaie, M. (author)

This article presents the first cryogenic phase-locked loop (PLL) operating at 4.2 K. The PLL is designed for the control system of scalable quantum computers. The specifications of PLL are derived from the required control fidelity for a single-qubit operation. By considering the benefits and challenges of cryogenic operation, a dedicated...

journal article 2023

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Cryogenic-Aware Forward Body Biasing in Bulk CMOS

Overwater, R.W.J. (author), Babaie, M. (author), Sebastiano, F. (author)

Cryogenic CMOS (cryo-CMOS) circuits are often hindered by the cryogenic threshold-voltage increase. To mitigate such an increase, a forward body biasing (FBB) technique in bulk CMOS is proposed, which can operate up to the nominal supply without problematic leakage currents, thanks to the larger diode turn-on voltage at cryogenic temperatures...

journal article 2023

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A Cryo-CMOS SAR ADC With FIA Sampling Driver Enabled by Cryogenic-Aware Back-Biasing

Kiene, G. (author), Overwater, R.W.J. (author), Babaie, M. (author), Sebastiano, F. (author)

This paper presents a floating inverter amplifier (FIA) that performs high-linearity amplification and sampling while driving a 2<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\times$</tex-math> </inline-formula> time-interleaved (TI) SAR ADC, operating from room temperature (RT) down to 4.2 K. The power-efficient FIA...

journal article 2023

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A Cryo-CMOS DAC-based 40 Gb/s PAM4 Wireline Transmitter for Quantum Computing Applications

Fakkel, N.E. (author), Mortazavi, S.M. (author), Overwater, R.W.J. (author), Sebastiano, F. (author), Babaie, M. (author)

State-of-the-art quantum computers already comprise hundreds of cryogenic quantum bits (qubits), and prototypes with over 10k qubits are currently being developed. Such large-scale systems require local cryogenic electronics for qubit control and readout, leaving the digital controllers for algorithm execution and quantum error correction ...

conference paper 2023

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CMOS integrated circuits for the quantum information sciences

Anders, Jens (author), Babaie, M. (author), Bashir, Imran (author), Charbon, Edoardo (author), Geck, Lotte (author), Ibrahim, Mohamed I. (author), Sebastiano, F. (author), Staszewski, R.B. (author), Vladimirescu, A. (author)

Over the past decade, significant progress in quantum technologies has been made, and hence, engineering of these systems has become an important research area. Many researchers have become interested in studying ways in which classical integrated circuits can be used to complement quantum mechanical systems, enabling more compact, performant...

journal article 2023

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Impedance Standard Substrate Characterization and em model definition for Cryogenic and Quantum-Computing Applications

Shokrolahzade, E. (author), Sebastiano, F. (author), Mubarak, F.A. (author), Babaie, M. (author), Spirito, M. (author)

In this contribution, we describe the modeling approaches and the characterization procedures used to develop accurate standard models for cryogenic, probe-level, calibrations substrates.The key electrical and mechanical parameters of the impedance terminations and the lines used in commercially available impedance standard substrates are...

conference paper 2023

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Scalable multi-chip quantum architectures enabled by cryogenic hybrid wireless/quantum-coherent network-in-package

Alarcon, Eduard (author), Abadal, Sergi (author), Sebastiano, F. (author), Babaie, M. (author), Charbon-Iwasaki-Charbon, E. (author), Bolivar, Peter Haring (author), Palesi, Maurizio (author), Staszewski, R.B. (author), Almudever, Carmen G. (author)

The grand challenge of scaling up quantum computers requires a full-stack architectural standpoint. In this position paper, we will present the vision of a new generation of scalable quantum computing architectures featuring distributed quantum cores (Qcores) interconnected via quantum-coherent qubit state transfer links and orchestrated via...

conference paper 2023

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A Benchmark of Cryo-CMOS 40-nm Embedded SRAM/DRAMs for Quantum Computing

Damsteegt, R.A. (author), Overwater, R.W.J. (author), Babaie, M. (author), Sebastiano, F. (author)

The cryogenic electronic interface for quantum pro-cessors requires cryo-CMOS embedded memories that cover a wide range of specifications. The temperature dependence of device parameters, such as the threshold voltage, the gate/subthreshold leakage, and the variability, severely alters the memories' performance between room temperature (RT)...

conference paper 2023

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A 1-GS/s 6–8-b Cryo-CMOS SAR ADC for Quantum Computing

Kiene, G. (author), Overwater, R.W.J. (author), Catania, Alessandro (author), Gunaputi Sreenivasulu, A.M. (author), Bruschi, Paolo (author), Charbon-Iwasaki-Charbon, E. (author), Babaie, M. (author), Sebastiano, F. (author)

This article presents a two-times interleaved, loop-unrolled SAR analog-to-digital converter (ADC) operational from 300 down to 4.2 K. The 6-8-bit resolution and the sampling speed up to 1 GS/s are targeted at digitizing the multi-channel frequency-multiplexed input in a spin-qubit reflectometry readout for quantum computing. To optimize the...

journal article 2023

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Neural-Network Decoders for Quantum Error Correction Using Surface Codes: A Space Exploration of the Hardware Cost-Performance Tradeoffs

Overwater, R.W.J. (author), Babaie, M. (author), Sebastiano, F. (author)

Quantum error correction (QEC) is required in quantum computers to mitigate the effect of errors on physical qubits. When adopting a QEC scheme based on surface codes, error decoding is the most computationally expensive task in the classical electronic back-end. Decoders employing neural networks (NN) are well-suited for this task but their...

journal article 2022

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A Low-Jitter and Low-Spur Charge-Sampling PLL

Gong, J. (author), Charbon-Iwasaki-Charbon, E. (author), Sebastiano, F. (author), Babaie, M. (author)

This article presents a low-jitter and low-spur charge-sampling phase-locked loop (CSPLL). A charge-domain sub-sampling phase detector is introduced to achieve a high phase-detection gain and to reduce the PLL in-band phase noise. Even without employing any power-hungry isolation buffers, the proposed phase detector dramatically suppresses...

journal article 2022

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A Cryo-CMOS Oscillator With an Automatic Common-Mode Resonance Calibration for Quantum Computing Applications

Gong, J. (author), Chen, Y. (author), Charbon-Iwasaki-Charbon, E. (author), Sebastiano, F. (author), Babaie, M. (author)

This article presents a 4-to-5GHz LC oscillator operating at 4.2K for quantum computing applications. The phase noise (PN) specification of the oscillator is derived based on the control fidelity for a single-qubit operation. To reveal the substantial gap between the theoretical predictions and measurement results at cryogenic temperatures, a...

journal article 2022

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A 3V 15b 157W Cryo-CMOS DAC for Multiplexed Spin-Qubit Biasing

Enthoven, L.A. (author), van Staveren, J. (author), Gong, J. (author), Babaie, M. (author), Sebastiano, F. (author)

This paper presents a 15b cryo-CMOS DAC for multiplexed spin-qubit biasing implemented in a 22-nm FinFET process. The integrating-DAC architecture and the robust digitally-assisted high-voltage output stage enable a low power dissipation (157W) and small area (0.08mm2) independent of the number of biased qubits, and a 3V output range well...

conference paper 2022

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Cryogenic Comparator Characterization and Modeling for a Cryo-CMOS 7b 1-GSa/s SAR ADC

Kiene, G. (author), GUNAPUTI SREENIVASULU, A.M. (author), Overwater, R.W.J. (author), Babaie, M. (author), Sebastiano, F. (author)

This paper reports the experimental characterization and modelling of a stand-Alone StrongARM comparator at both room temperature (RT) and cryogenic temperature (4.2 K). The observed 6-dB improvement in the comparator input noise at 4.2 K is attributed to the reduction of the thermal noise and to the suppressed shot noise in the MOS...

conference paper 2022

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Cryogenic CMOS for Qubit Control and Readout

Pellerano, Stefano (author), Subramanian, Sushil (author), Park, Jong-Seok (author), Patra, Bishnu (author), Xue, X. (author), Vandersypen, L.M.K. (author), Babaie, M. (author), Charbon-Iwasaki-Charbon, E. (author), Sebastiano, F. (author)

Quantum computers have been heralded as a novel paradigm for the solution of today's intractable problems, whereas the core principles of quantum computation are superposition, entanglement and interference, three fundamental properties of quantum mechanics [1]. A quantum computer generally comprises a quantum processor, made of an array of...

conference paper 2022

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Integrated Cryo-CMOS Temperature Sensors for Quantum Control ICs

't Hart, P.A. (author), Huizinga, T. (author), Babaie, M. (author), Vladimirescu, A. (author), Sebastiano, F. (author)

This work presents an experimental study of different components (resistors, diodes, transistors) in a standard 40-nm bulk CMOS process for their suitability as integrated cryogenic temperature sensors down to a temperature of 4.2K. It was found that most devices can be employed as sensors down to temperatures of approximately 50K, below...

conference paper 2022

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A 0.049mm2 7.1-to-16.8GHz Dual-Core Triple-Mode VCO Achieving 200dB FoMA in 22nm FinFET

Gong, J. (author), Patra, Bishnu (author), Enthoven, L.A. (author), van Staveren, J. (author), Sebastiano, F. (author), Babaie, M. (author)

LC VCOs with low phase noise (PN) and an octave frequency-tuning range (FTR) are required for multistandard communication devices, software-defined radios, and wireline data links. A viable popular approach is to exploit multicore mode-switching VCOs for two reasons: (1) their PN improves linearly by in-phase coupling of N identical VCOs; (2)...

conference paper 2022

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A 6-to-8GHz 0.17mW/Qubit Cryo-CMOS Receiver for Multiple Spin Qubit Readout in 40nm CMOS Technology

Prabowo, B. (author), Zheng, G. (author), Mehrpoo, M. (author), Patra, B (author), Harvey-Collard, P. (author), Dijkema, J.J. (author), Sammak, Amir (author), Scappucci, G. (author), Charbon-Iwasaki-Charbon, E. (author), Sebastiano, F. (author), Vandersypen, L.M.K. (author), Babaie, M. (author)

Quantum computers (QC) promise to solve certain computational problems exponentially faster than a classical computer due to the superposition and entanglement properties of quantum bits (qubits). Among several qubit technologies, spin qubits are a promising candidate for large-scale QC, since (1) they have a small footprint allowing them to...

conference paper 2021