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Shekhar, A. (author), Klerks, S. (author), Bauer, P. (author), Prasanth, V. (author)One of the first of its kind, a pilot project involving the instalment of solar roads in Krommenie, was successfully implemented by the consortium of the province of North Holland, TNO, Ooms and Imtech. Seen as a living lab for knowledge gathering in this nascent application area, with a potential of widening the proliferation of PV technologies...conference paper 2015
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Shekhar, A. (author), Prasanth, V. (author), Bauer, P. (author), Bolech, M. (author)The economic viability of on-road wireless charging of electric vehicles (EVs) strongly depends on the choice of the inductive power transfer (IPT) system configuration (static or dynamic charging), charging power level and the percentage of road coverage of dynamic charging. In this paper, a case study is carried out to determine the expected...journal article 2016
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Prasanth, V. (author), Scheele, Natalia (author), Visser, Erwin (author), Shekhar, A. (author), Chandra Mouli, G.R. (author), Bauer, P. (author), Silvester, S. (author)This paper deals with a green energy highway in the Netherlands. Here, the development of electric mobility and self-driving cars is introduced. The ideas of wireless power integration with green energy technologies - solar and wind is considered. In case of wind energy, conventional turbines and bladeless vortex are considered as options....conference paper 2016
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Shekhar, A. (author), Kontos, E. (author), Ramirez Elizondo, L.M. (author), Mor, A. R. (author), Bauer, P. (author)It is anticipated that with the thrust towards use of clean energy resources such as electric vehicles, future distribution grids will face a steep increase in power demand, forcing the utility operators to invest in enhancing the power delivering capacity of the grid infrastructure. It is identified that the critical 5–20 km medium voltage (MV)...journal article 2017
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Liu, Zhihao (author), Shekhar, A. (author), Ramirez Elizondo, L.M. (author), Bauer, P. (author)This paper provides an empirical study on series arc behavior in low voltage dc microgrids. The response of an R-L-C dc microgrid abstraction towards series arcs is studied experimentally for varying grid inductance, dc voltages, load capacitances and load currents. In order to account for the stochastic nature of arcs, experiments are...conference paper 2017
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Liu, Zhihao (author), Shekhar, A. (author), Ramirez Elizondo, L.M. (author), Bauer, P. (author)Localization of series arc faults in dc microgrids is an important requirement to guarantee operational safety and uninterrupted power to end users. In the previous EPE-ECCE proceeding, a theoretical proof was provided for the selective series arc detection using a novel algorithm. In the current paper, the concept is validated by showcasing...conference paper 2017
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Shekhar, A. (author), Ramirez Elizondo, L.M. (author), Bauer, P. (author)Since shipboard power systems are inherently islanded and consist of energy intensive sources and loads, it is an interesting application for dc microgrids. The object of this paper is to explore the merits of dc based shipboard power distribution as compared to conventional ac solutions. A survey of current initiatives, emerging concepts and...conference paper 2017
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Shekhar, A. (author), Feng, Xianyong (author), Gattozzi, Angelo (author), Hebner, Robert E. (author), Wardell, Douglas (author), Strank, Shannon (author), Mor, A. R. (author), Ramirez Elizondo, L.M. (author), Bauer, P. (author)A scientific consensus is emerging on the benefits of direct current (DC) distribution in medium voltage (MV) power systems of ships and cities. At least 50% space savings and increased power transfer capacity are estimated with enhanced voltage DC operation of electric cables. The goal of this research is to contribute to developing the...journal article 2017
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Prasanth, V. (author), Shekhar, A. (author), Visser, E.R.A. (author), Scheele, Natalia (author), Chandra Mouli, G.R. (author), Bauer, P. (author), Silvester, S. (author)Development of electric mobility and sustainable energy result in new technologies such as contactless electric vehicle charging and roadway energy harvesting methods, but also self-healing asphalt roads. By combining these technologies a new concept of Future Sustainable Roads for Electric Mobility is created and presented in the paper. This...journal article 2018
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Shekhar, A. (author), Kumaravel, Vinod Kumar (author), Klerks, Stan (author), de Wit, Sten (author), Prasanth, V. (author), Narayan, N.S. (author), Bauer, P. (author), Isabella, O. (author), Zeman, M. (author)Solar road technology provides an opportunity to harvest the vast, albeit dispersed, photovoltaic (PV) energy, while maximizing the land utilization. Deriving experience from the pioneering 70-m solar bike path installed in the Netherlands, this paper highlights the operational challenges and performance parameters using the first-year...journal article 2018
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Shekhar, A. (author), Kontos, E. (author), Ramirez Elizondo, L.M. (author), Bauer, P. (author)A practical issue faced by today's ac grid is the rapidly growing power demand on its aging infrastructure. One possibility to maximize the capacity of the existing infrastructure is to refurbish the ac links to operate under dc conditions using modular multilevel converters. In this paper, the idea is applied to restructure an actual medium...conference paper 2018
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Shekhar, A. (author), Feng, X. (author), Hebner, R. (author), Gattozzi, A. (author), Strank, S. (author), Mor, A. R. (author), Ramirez Elizondo, L.M. (author), Bauer, P. (author)The thermal behavior of medium voltage dc cables can find useful applications for efficient and capacity enhanced operation in cities as well as compact power transmission on all electric ships. Concepts such as dynamic current and voltage rating, difference in thermal proximity in ac and dc operation, pulsed load application and thermal...conference paper 2018
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Shekhar, A. (author), Ramirez Elizondo, L.M. (author), Bauer, P. (author)The role of MVDC links for distribution network expansion is important. The distribution network operators (DNOs) can maximize the power transfer capacity of existing grid infrastructure during (n-1] contingencies using reconfigurable parallel ac-dc architecture. In addition this concept involves a range of efficiency, reliability and...conference paper 2018
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Shekhar, A. (author), Ramirez Elizondo, L.M. (author), Qin, Z. (author), Bauer, P. (author)Back-to-back Modular multilevel converters (MMC) for medium voltage dc (MVDC) distribution link applications offer exciting opportunities due to its superior harmonic performance and high efficiency. Based on the steady state equations, it is shown that under specific active and reactive power operation, an increase in dc link voltage can be...conference paper 2018
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Shekhar, A. (author), Ramirez Elizondo, L.M. (author), Feng, Xianyong (author), Kontos, E. (author), Bauer, P. (author)While the scientific community recognizes the benefits of DC power transfer, the distribution network operators point out the practical and economic constraints in refurbishing the existing AC network at a medium-voltage level. Some apprehensions like reliability, cost of ownership, and safety in adopting a universal DC distribution may merit...journal article 2018
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Shekhar, A. (author), Ramirez Elizondo, L.M. (author), Bandyopadhyay, S. (author), Mackay, L.J. (author), Bauer, P. (author)Low voltage dc distribution grids face issues associated with arc faults, aggravated by the absence of current zero crossing. The focus of this paper is to comprehensively develop a method of series arc fault detection at the load side power electronics, based on the electrode dependent initial voltage drop occurring at the arc initiation....journal article 2018
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Shekhar, A. (author), Soeiro, Thiago B. (author), Qin, Z. (author), Ramirez Elizondo, L.M. (author), Bauer, P. (author)An important step in Voltage-Source Modular Multilevel Converter (MMC) design is the selection of adequate semiconductor blocking voltage class. This paper highlights that particularly for grid connected medium voltage applications, the choice of suitable switch blocking voltage class is not so straightforward. The market available switch...conference paper 2018
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Wu, Y. (author), Shekhar, A. (author), Soeiro, Thiago B. (author), Bauer, P. (author)Back-To-Back (B2B) Voltage Source Converter (VSC) with AC-side LCL filters can be adopted for parallel AC-DC distribution links. In this paper, Grid-side Current Control (GCC) for the inner/fast control loops of the front- and backend power electronics are implemented in order to enhance the system performance against grid disturbances. Herein,...conference paper 2019
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Shekhar, A. (author), Soeiro, Thiago B. (author), Ramirez Elizondo, L.M. (author), Bauer, P. (author)During the operation of a three line ac link in parallel with a ac-dc-ac link system that employs Back-to-Back (B2B)Medium Voltage Modular Multilevel Converters (MMC), a path for the low frequency zero sequence currents is shown to exist. Apart from causing additional losses, these currents can result in limitations on power capacity. A...conference paper 2019
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Shekhar, A. (author), Beloqui Larumbe, L. (author), Soeiro, Thiago B. (author), Wu, Y. (author), Bauer, P. (author)There is an increasing focus on integrating flexible dc links for bulk power routing in medium voltage distribution grids. In such applications, the ac-dc Modular Multilevel Converter (MMC) devised for medium voltage and high-power ratings can be an interesting choice. This paper highlights some less explored design trade-offs arising due to...conference paper 2019