An estimator for the Coulomb repulsion parameter U to generate vacuum referred binding energy schemes for lanthanides in compounds

The U-value defined as the energy difference between the Eu^4+/3+ and Eu^3+/2+ charge transition levels (CTLs) is the most important parameter in constructing vacuum referred binding energy diagrams (VRBEs) with all the lanthanide CTLs with respect to the vacuum level of energy. The parameter is difficult to determine from...

The Pr 3+ and Tb 3+ ground state locations in compounds obtained from thermoluminescence and intervalence charge transfer studies

The location of the lanthanide ground states with respect to the host valence band or to the vacuum level always follow characteristic zigzag patterns with the number of electrons q in the 4f orbital. The patterns that are used today evolved over the years by combining experimental data from different techniques, and they are in first...