Designing thermally stimulated 1.06 mu m Nd3+ emission for the second bio-imaging window demonstrated by energy transfer from Bi3+ in La-, Gd-, Y-, and LuPO4

We report a general methodology to the rational design of thermally stimulated short-wave infrared (SWIR) luminescence between ∼900 and 1700 nm by a new combination of using efficient energy transfer from Bi ³⁺ to Nd ³⁺ and an adjustable hole trap depth via valence band engineering. Predictions from a vacuum referred...