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van der Vaart, J.A.J. (author), Stoter, J.E. (author), Diakite, A.A. (author), Biljecki, F. (author), Arroyo Ohori, G.A.K. (author), Hakim, Amir (author)Although level of detail (LoD) is a central concept in 3D city modelling, specifying different LoDs in an unambiguous manner is not straightforward. To resolve this, a set of frameworks have been developed. This paper evaluates the suitability of the LoD framework of (Biljecki et al. 2016) for 3D building models that have been generated directly...conference paper 2024
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Lei, Binyu (author), Stoter, J.E. (author), Janssen, Patrick (author), Biljecki, Filip (author)To encourage discussion of the challenges hindering the design and implementation of digital twins, the authors have ranked them based on a systematic literature review combined with an expert survey.journal article 2023
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Lei, Binyu (author), Janssen, P.H.T. (author), Stoter, J.E. (author), Biljecki, Filip (author)Many challenges to operate digital twins remain, hindering their design and implementation, and are rarely discussed. Furthermore, issues of social and legal nature are often overlooked. We identify the challenges of operating digital twins in the urban context through a bifurcated and multi-dimensional approach: a systematic literature...review 2023
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Labetski, A. (author), Vitalis, S. (author), Biljecki, Filip (author), Arroyo Ohori, G.A.K. (author), Stoter, J.E. (author)Urban morphology is important in a broad range of investigations across the fields of city planning, transportation, climate, energy, and urban data science. Characterising buildings with a set of numerical metrics is fundamental to studying the urban form. Despite the rapid developments in 3D geoinformation science, and the growing 3D data...journal article 2022
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Ledoux, H. (author), Biljecki, Filip (author), Dukai, B. (author), Kumar, Kavisha (author), Peters, R.Y. (author), Stoter, J.E. (author), Commandeur, T.J.F. (author)Three-dimensional city models are essential to assess the impact that environmental factors will have on citizens, because they are the input to several simulation and prediction software. Examples of such environmental factors are noise (Stoter et al., 2008), wind (Garcı́a-Sánchez et al., 2014), air pollution (Ujang et al., 2013), and...journal article 2021
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Noardo, F. (author), Krijnen, T.F. (author), Arroyo Ohori, G.A.K. (author), Biljecki, Filip (author), Ellul, Claire (author), Harrie, Lars (author), Salheb, Nebras (author), van Liempt, J.N.H. (author), Stoter, J.E. (author)Industry Foundation Classes (IFC), the buildingSMART open standard for BIM, is underused with respect to its promising potential, since, according to the experience of practitioners and researchers working with BIM, issues in the standard’s implementation and use prevent its effective use. Nevertheless, a systematic investigation of these...journal article 2021
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Noardo, F. (author), Arroyo Ohori, G.A.K. (author), Krijnen, T.F. (author), Stoter, J.E. (author), Ellul, C (author), Harrie, L (author), Biljecki, Filip (author), Agugiaro, G. (author), Kokla, M. (author)In both research and practice, data interoperability is considered essential to support a rising number of applications that need data from different domains. Therefore, standard data formats and models are developed by standardization organizations such as Open Geospatial Consortium (for the Geo domain)<br/>and buildingSMART (for the BIM domain...report 2020
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Stoter, J.E. (author), Biljecki, Filip (author), Ho, Serene (author)During the past decade, hundreds of research papers have been published on the challenge of registering multi-level properties in land administration and cadastral registrations. In addition, many pilots have been carried out to show potential solutions. However, fundamental and standardised solutions for 3D cadastre are still rare. In this...conference paper 2020
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Noardo, F. (author), Arroyo Ohori, G.A.K. (author), Biljecki, Filip (author), Ellul, Claire (author), Harrie, Lars (author), Krijnen, T.F. (author), van Liempt, J.N.H. (author), Vitalis, S. (author), Stoter, J.E. (author)OGC CityGML is an open standard for 3D city models intended to foster interoperability and support various applications. However, through our practical experience and discussions with practitioners, we have noticed several problems related to the implementation of the standard and the use of standardized data. Nevertheless, a systematic...journal article 2020
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Noardo, F. (author), Harrie, Lars (author), Arroyo Ohori, G.A.K. (author), Biljecki, F. (author), Ellul, Claire (author), Krijnen, T.F. (author), Eriksson, Helen (author), Guler, Dogus (author), Hintz, Dean (author), Stoter, J.E. (author)The integration of 3D city models with Building Information Models (BIM), coined as GeoBIM, facilitates improved data support to several applications, e.g., 3D map updates, building permits issuing, detailed city analysis, infrastructure design, context-based building design, to name a few. To solve the integration, several issues need to be...journal article 2020
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Noardo, F. (author), Arroyo Ohori, G.A.K. (author), Biljecki, F. (author), Ellul, C. (author), Harrie, L. (author), Krijnen, T.F. (author), Kokla, M. (author), Stoter, J.E. (author)Standardised data formats and data models are essential for data integration and interoperability, which in turn adds value to data by allowing its reuse in multiple contexts. For this reason, in recent years extensive efforts have been focused on standards development. When representing the built environment, 3D city models and Building...journal article 2020
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Noardo, F. (author), Biljecki, F. (author), Agugiaro, G. (author), Arroyo Ohori, G.A.K. (author), Ellul, Claire (author), Harrie, Lars (author), Stoter, J.E. (author)An investigation into the implementation state of open standards in software is currently ongoing through the ISPRS/EuroSDR ‘GeoBIM benchmark 2019’ initiative, which kicked off earlier this year. The benchmark activity provides a way of assessing and comparing the functionality of different software packages in GIS and BIM in terms of their...journal article 2019
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Stoter, J.E. (author), Ho, Serene (author), Biljecki, Filip (author)A significant number of studies has been carried out to establish 3D cadastre solutions to improve the registration of multi-level property. Since the inception of research on 3D cadastres (about 20 years ago), the world around us has changed significantly and this also partly changes the context regarding 3D cadastre: technology (e.g....journal article 2019
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Yang, M. (author), Lopez Dekker, F.J. (author), Dheenathayalan, P. (author), Biljecki, Filip (author), Liao, Mingsheng (author), Hanssen, R.F. (author)Persistent scatterers (PSs) are coherent measurement points obtained from time series of satellite radar images, which are used to detect and estimate millimeter-scale displacements of the terrain or man-made structures. However, associating these measurement points with specific physical objects is not straightforward, which hampers the...journal article 2019
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Noardo, F. (author), Arroyo Ohori, G.A.K. (author), Biljecki, F. (author), Krijnen, Thomas (author), Ellul, Claire (author), Harrie, Lars (author), Stoter, J.E. (author)GeoBIM, the integration of 3D geoinformation (Geo) with building information models (BIM), is a subject of increasing attention in both domains. A well-known practical challenge for this integration is the mixed state of software support for open standards in each domain that would ease the integration. This is often known by practitioners but...journal article 2019
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- Agugiaro, G. (author), Koeva, M. (author), Wei, Z. (author), Biljecki, F. (author) contribution to periodical 2019
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Biljecki, F. (author), Kumar, Kavisha (author), Nagel, Claus (author)The Application Domain Extension (ADE) is a built-in mechanism of CityGML to augment its data model with additional concepts required by particular use cases. The goal of this paper is to provide an overview of the ADE mechanism and a literature review of developments since its introduction a decade ago. The discovery of publications found that...journal article 2018
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Arroyo Ohori, G.A.K. (author), Biljecki, F. (author), Kumar, Kavisha (author), Ledoux, H. (author), Stoter, J.E. (author)CityGML is the most important international standard used to model cities and landscapes in 3D with extensive semantics. Compared to BIM standards such as IFC, CityGML models are usually less detailed but they cover a much greater spatial extent. They are also available in any of five standardized levels of detail. CityGML serves as an exchange...book chapter 2018
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Southall, Ryan (author), Biljecki, F. (author)Background: The VI-Suite is a free and open-source addon for the 3D content creation application Blender, developed primarily as a tool for the contextual and performative analysis of buildings. Its functionality has grown from simple, static lighting analysis to fully parametric lighting, shadowing, and building energy analyses. It adopts a...journal article 2017
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Biljecki, F. (author), Ledoux, H. (author), Stoter, J.E. (author)Elevation datasets (e.g. point clouds) are an essential but often unavailable ingredient for the construction of 3D city models. We investigate in this paper to what extent can 3D city models be generated solely from 2D data without elevation measurements. We show that it is possible to predict the height of buildings from 2D data (their...journal article 2017