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van Leeuwen, P.M. (author), Happee, R. (author), de Winter, J.C.F. (author)Novice drivers tend to direct their gaze to the road ahead and not scan the environment properly. This study investigated the training effectiveness of a visual search task in a driving simulator, aimed at increasing young drivers' spread of visual search. Two groups of inexperienced drivers were instructed to drive as accurately as possible in...conference paper 2013
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Manca, L. (author), de Winter, J.C.F. (author), Happee, R. (author)This paper presents the results of a literature survey on visual displays used in automated driving. We describe six visual display designs: (1) a display with three main components, (2) a bird’s-eye view display, (3) an informative speedometer, (4) a head-up display, (5) eye-catching lights for informing, and (6) eye-catching lights for guiding...conference paper 2015
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Bazilinskyy, P. (author), Petermeijer, S.M. (author), de Winter, J.C.F. (author)Highly automated driving can potentially provide enormous benefits to society. However, it is unclear what types of interfaces should be used for takeover requests during highly automated driving, in which a driver is asked to switch back to manual driving. In this paper, a proposal for a driving simulator study on the use of six auditory...conference paper 2015
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Marquart, Gerhard (author), Cabrall, C.D.D. (author), de Winter, J.C.F. (author)The assessment of mental workload could be helpful to road safety especially if developments of vehicle automation will increasingly place drivers into roles of supervisory control. With the rapidly decreasing size and increasing resolution of cameras as well as exponential computational power gains, remote eye measurements are growing in...conference paper 2015
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Bazilinskyy, P. (author), Kyriakidis, M. (author), de Winter, J.C.F. (author)Fully automated driving can potentially provide enormous benefits to society. However, it has been unclear whether people will appreciate such far-reaching technology. This study investigated anonymous textual comments regarding fully automated driving, based on data extracted from three online surveys with 8,862 respondents from 112 countries....conference paper 2015
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Lu, Z. (author), de Winter, J.C.F. (author)The paper reviews some of the essentials of human-machine interaction in automated driving, focusing on control authority transitions. We introduce a driving state model describing the human monitoring level and the allocation of lateral and longitudinal control tasks. An authority transition in automated driving is defined as the process of...conference paper 2015
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van Leeuwen, P.M. (author), Happee, R. (author), de Winter, J.C.F. (author)Previous research has shown that novice drivers have underdeveloped vehicle control skills and visual search strategies that differ from those of experienced drivers. However, little is known about how novices’ driving performance and gaze behavior jointly change over the course of practice. In this paper, we investigated changes in driving...conference paper 2015
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Bazilinskyy, P. (author), van Haarlem, W. (author), Quraishi, H. (author), Berssenbrugge, C. (author), Binda, J. (author), de Winter, J.C.F. (author)Auditory displays are promising for informing operators about hazards or objects in the environment. However, it remains to be investigated how to map distance information to a sound dimension. In this research, three sonification approaches were tested: Beep Repetition Rate (BRR) in which beep time and inter-beep time were a linear function...conference paper 2016
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- Bazilinskyy, P. (author), Kovacsova, N. (author), Al Jawahiri, Amir (author), Kapel, Pieter (author), Mulckhuyse, Joppe (author), Wagenaar, Sjors (author), de Winter, J.C.F. (author) conference paper 2016
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Cabrall, C.D.D. (author), Janssen, Nico (author), Goncalves, Joel (author), Morando, Alberto (author), Sassman, Matthew (author), de Winter, J.C.F. (author)Automated driving vehicles of the future will most likely include multiple modes and levels of operation and thus include various transitions of control (ToC) between human and machine. Traditional activation devices (e.g., knobs, switches, buttons, and touchscreens) may be confused by operators among other system setting manipulators and...conference paper 2016
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van Leeuwen, P.M. (author), Landman, Renske (author), Buning, Lejo (author), Heffelaar, Tobias (author), Hogema, Jeroen (author), van Hemert, J.M. (author), de Winter, J.C.F. (author), Happee, R. (author)Driver distraction is a leading cause of crashes. The introduction of in-vehicle technology in the last decades has added support to the driving task. However, in-vehicle technologies and handheld electronic devices may also be a threat to driver safety due to information overload and distraction. Adaptive in-vehicle information systems may...conference paper 2016
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Bazilinskyy, P. (author), Eriksson, A. (author), Petermeijer, S.M. (author), de Winter, J.C.F. (author)This paper summarizes our results from survey research and driving simulator experiments on auditory, vibrotactile, and visual take-over requests in highly automated driving. Our review shows that vibrotactile takeover requests in the driver’s seat yielded relatively high ratings of self-reported usefulness and satisfaction. Auditory take-over...conference paper 2017
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Cabrall, C.D.D. (author), de Winter, J.C.F. (author), Happee, R. (author)A majority (95%) of crashes can be attributed to humans, with the highest cause category (41%) involving errors of recognition (i.e., inattention, distraction, inadequate surveillance) [1]. Driving safety research often claims that as much as 90% of the information that drivers use is visual. However, these claims have been hampered by a lack of...conference paper 2017
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Lee, O.Z.A. (author), Dialynas, G. (author), de Winter, J.C.F. (author), Happee, R. (author), Schwab, A.L. (author)Recent years have seen an increase in cycling as a transport mode in urban centers. This has spurred an interest in the use of bicycle simulators to study cyclist behavior [1, 2, 3, 4]. However, few implement a model based approach that couples the bicycle roll and steer in a realistic manner [5]. Balancing is a key task in cycling and we aimed...conference paper 2017
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Petermeijer, S.M. (author), Doubek, Fabian (author), de Winter, J.C.F. (author)Conditionally automated driving systems may soon be available on the market. Even though these systems exempt drivers from the driving task for extended periods of time, drivers are expected to take back control when the automation issues a so-called take-over request. This study investigated the interaction between take-over request modality...conference paper 2017
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Kolekar, S.B. (author), de Winter, J.C.F. (author), Abbink, D.A. (author)The interaction between a human driver and an automated driving system may improve when the automation is designed in such a way that it behaves in a human-like manner. This paper introduces a human-like steering model, in which the driver adapts to the risk due to uncertainty in the environment. Current steering models take a risk-neutral...conference paper 2017
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de Winter, J.C.F. (author), Kuipers, J.R. (author)Young and inexperienced drivers are over-involved in traffic violations and car crashes. There is a paucity of research on the use of driving simulators for assessing driving style. This study investigated the relationships between years of licensure and driving style measured with a short simulator-based test. At a motor show, 650 licensed...conference paper 2017
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Petermeijer, S.M. (author), Hornberger, Paul (author), Ganotis, Ioannis (author), de Winter, J.C.F. (author), Bengler, Klaus J. (author)The driver of a conditionally automated car is not required to permanently monitor the outside environment, but needs to take over control whenever the automation issues a “request to intervene” (i.e., take-over request). If the driver misses the take-over request or does not respond in a timely and correct manner, a take-over could result in...conference paper 2017
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Bazilinskyy, P. (author), Beaumont, Charles (author), van der Geest, Xander (author), de Jonge, Reinier (author), van der Kroft, Koen (author), de Winter, J.C.F. (author)The aim of this work was to develop and empirically test different algorithms of a lane-keeping assistance system that supports drivers by means of a tone when the car is about to deviate from its lane. These auditory assistance systems were tested in a driving simulator with its screens shut down, so that the participants used auditory...conference paper 2017
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Lu, Z. (author), Happee, R. (author), de Winter, J.C.F. (author)This study presents a numerical model that describes the dynamic process of building situation awareness after an automation-initiated transition. The model predicts the level of situation awareness as a function of elapsed time since the transition, and is verified using data from an experiment in which participants watched animated video...conference paper 2017
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