Cost of fouling in full-scale reverse osmosis and nanofiltration installations in the Netherlands

The economic impact of fouling in spiral wound membranes is not yet well explored. There has been an established assumption that the cost of fouling in membrane processes is significant, but this hypothesis has not been thoroughly evaluated. We conducted an economic analysis on seven full-scale installations, four nanofiltration (NF) and...

A comparison between chemical cleaning efficiency in lab-scale and full-scale reverse osmosis membranes: Role of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS)

Chemical cleaning is vital for the optimal operation of membrane systems. Membrane chemical cleaning protocols are often developed in the laboratory flow cells (e.g., Membrane Fouling Simulator (MFS)) using synthetic feed water (nutrient excess) and short experimental time of typically days. However, full-scale Reverse Osmosis (RO) membranes...

A five-stage treatment train for water recovery from urine and shower water for long-term human Space missions

Long-term human Space missions will rely on regenerative life support as resupply of water, oxygen and food comes with constraints. The International Space Station (ISS) relies on an evaporation/condensation system to recover 74–85% of the water in urine, yet suffers from repetitive scaling and biofouling while employing hazardous chemicals....

Microbial Odor Profile of Polyester and Cotton Clothes after a Fitness Session

Clothing textiles protect our human body against external factors. These textiles are not sterile and can harbor high bacterial counts as sweat and bacteria are transmitted from the skin. We investigated the microbial growth and odor development in cotton and synthetic clothing fabrics. T-shirts were collected from 26 healthy individuals after...

Drinking water treatment technologies in Europe: State of the art - vulnerabilities - research needs

Eureau is the European Federation of National Associations of Water and Wastewater Services. At the request of Eureau Commission 1, dealing with drinking water, a survey was made focusing on raw drinking water sources and drinking water treatment technologies applied in Europe. Raw water sources concerned groundwater, surface water, surface...

Transformation of organic micropollutants during river bank filtration: Laboratory versus field data

This paper investigates the degradation behavior of 14 organic micropoliutants (OMPs), selected for their different physico-chemical properties (e.g., molecular weight, hydrophobicity and charge). In soil columns simulating the conditions prevailing in the first meter of river bank filtration (RBF) media. The results from the column system are...

Pressure assisted osmosis (PAO) to enhance forward osmosis (FO) performance

Effect of fouling on removal of trace organic compounds by nanofiltration

The fate of chemical of concern is not yet fully understood during treatment of impaired waters. The aim of this paper is to assess the impact of different organic-based fouling layers on the removal of a large range of trace organics. Both model and real water samples (mixed with trace organic contaminants at environmental concentration of 2 ?g...

Development of a predictive model to determine micropollutant removal using granular activated carbon

The occurrence of organic micropollutants in drinking water and its sources has opened up a field of study related to monitoring concentration levels in water sources, evaluating their toxicity and estimating their removal in drinking water treatment processes. Because a large number of organic micropollutants is currently present (although in...

Rejection of organic micropollutants by high pressure membranes (NF/RO)

The presence of numerous organic micropollutants, such as pharmaceutically active compounds (PhACs) and hormones, but also pesticides and industrial pollutants, in the sources for the drinking water supply, are a big concern for drinking water utilities. Even though not all pollutants are harmful to human health, less is known about the...