FPGA implementation of a 32x32 autocorrelator array for analysis of fast image series

With the evolving technology in CMOS integration, new classes of 2D-imaging detectors have recently become available. In particular, single photon avalanche diode (SPAD) arrays allow detection of single photons at high acquisition rates (? 100kfps), which is about two orders of magnitude higher than with currently available cameras. Here we...

Single-Photon, Deep Sub-Nanosecond Integrated Circuits for Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging Microscopy (abstract)

A wide spectral range single-photon avalanche diode fabricated in an advanced 180 nm CMOS technology

We present a single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD) with a wide spectral range fabricated in an advanced 180 nm CMOS process. The realized SPAD achieves 20 % photon detection probability (PDP) for wavelengths ranging from 440 nm to 820 nm at an excess bias of 4V, with 30 % PDP at wavelengths from 520 nm to 720 nm. Dark count rates (DCR) are at...

Plasmonic waveguides, circuits, and systems

Waveguide structure for propagating a surface plasmon polariton,comprising an inter- metal plasmonic waveguide (1). The waveguide structure has two metal strip like structures (2, 3)positioned parallel to each other and an isolating material structure (4) positioned between the two metal strip like structures(2, 3). The two metal strip like...

Video-rate fluorescence lifetime imaging camera with CMOS single-photon avalanche diode arrays and high-speed imaging algorithm

A high-speed and hardware-only algorithm using a center of mass method has been proposed for single-detector fluorescence lifetime sensing applications. This algorithm is now implemented on a field programmable gate array to provide fast lifetime estimates from a 32 × 32 low dark count 0.13 ?m complementary metaloxide-semiconductor single-photon...

Fast single-photon avalanche diode arrays for laser Raman spectroscopy

We incorporate newly developed solid-state detector technology into time-resolved laser Raman spectroscopy, demonstrating the ability to distinguish spectra from Raman and fluorescence processes. As a proof of concept, we show fluorescence rejection on highly fluorescent mineral samples willemite and spodumene using a 128 × 128 single-photon...

3D near-infrared imaging based on a single-photon avalanche diode array sensor

An imager for optical tomography was designed based on a detector with 128x128 single-photon pixels that included a bank of 32 time-to-digital converters. Due to the high spatial resolution and the possibility of performing time resolved measurements, a new contact-less setup has been conceived in which scanning of the object is not necessary....

SPADs in CMOS: When Physics Meets Engineering

Single-photon avalanche diodes (SPADs) are a class of photodiodes biased above breakdown; in this mode of operation, known as Geiger mode, the devices are capable of detecting one or more photons with high timing accuracy. SPADs are useful in a variety of applications where picosecond timing accuracy, >100dB dynamic range, and high readout speed...

A new single-photon avalanche diode in 90nm standard CMOS technology

A single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD) fabricated in a 90nm standard CMOS process is reported. The detector comprises an octagonal multiplication region and a guard ring to prevent premature edge breakdown using exclusively standard layers. The proposed structure is the result of a systematic study aimed at miniaturization, while optimizing...

Single-photon imaging in CMOS

We report on the architectural design and fabrication of medium and large arrays of single-photon avalanche diodes (SPADs) for a variety of applications in physics, medicine, and the life sciences. Due to dynamic nature of SPADs, designs featuring a large number of SPADs require careful analysis of the target application for an optimal use of...

A new single-photon avalanche diode in 90nm standard CMOS technology

We report on the first implementation of a single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD) in 90nm complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) technology. The detector features an octagonal multiplication region and a guard ring to prevent premature edge breakdown using a standard mask set exclusively. The proposed structure emerged from a systematic...

Fluorescence lifetime biosensing with DNA microarrays and a CMOS-SPAD imager

Fluorescence lifetime of dye molecules is a sensitive reporter on local microenvironment which is generally independent of fluorophores concentration and can be used as a means of discrimination between molecules with spectrally overlapping emission. It is therefore a potentially powerful multiplexed detection modality in biosensing but requires...

Real-time fluorescence lifetime imaging system with a 32 × 32 0.13?m CMOS low dark-count single-photon avalanche diode array

A compact real-time fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) system based on an array of low dark count 0.13?m CMOS singlephoton avalanche diodes (SPADs) is demonstrated. Fast background-insensitive fluorescence lifetime determination is achieved by use of a recently proposed algorithm called ‘Integration for Extraction Method’ (IEM) [J....

On pixel detection threshold in the gigavision camera