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Shekhar, A. (author), Soeiro, Thiago B. (author), Ramirez Elizondo, L.M. (author), Bauer, P. (author)During the operation of a three line ac link in parallel with a ac-dc-ac link system that employs Back-to-Back (B2B)Medium Voltage Modular Multilevel Converters (MMC), a path for the low frequency zero sequence currents is shown to exist. Apart from causing additional losses, these currents can result in limitations on power capacity. A...conference paper 2019
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Vega Garita, V.E. (author), Hanif, Ali (author), Narayan, N.S. (author), Ramirez Elizondo, L.M. (author), Bauer, P. (author)The use of batteries is indispensable in stand-alone photovoltaic (PV) systems, and the physical integration of a battery pack and a PV panel in one device enables this concept while easing the installation and system scaling. However, the influence of high temperatures is one of the main challenges of placing a solar panel close to a battery...journal article 2019
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Vega Garita, V.E. (author), Faizal Sofyan, Muhammad (author), Narayan, N.S. (author), Ramirez Elizondo, L.M. (author), Bauer, P. (author)Given the complementary nature of photovoltaic (PV) generation and energy storage, the combination of a solar panel and a battery pack in one single device is proposed. To realize this concept, the PV Battery-Integrated Module (PBIM), it is fundamental to analyze the system architecture and energy management. This paper focuses on selecting a...journal article 2018
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Mackay, L.J. (author), Guarnotta, Robin (author), Dimou, Anastasios (author), Morales-Espana, G. (author), Ramirez Elizondo, L.M. (author), Bauer, P. (author)The emergence of distributed energy resources can lead to congestion in distribution grids. DC distribution grids are becoming more relevant as more sources and loads connected to the low voltage grid use dc. Bipolar dc distribution grids with asymmetric loading can experience partial congestion resulting in a nodal price difference between...journal article 2018
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van der Blij, N.H. (author), Ramirez Elizondo, L.M. (author), Spaan, M.T.J. (author), Bauer, P. (author)Many modelling methods for the analysis of dc distribution grids only consider monopolar configurations and do not allow for mutual couplings to be taken into account. The modelling method presented in this paper aims to deal with both of these issues. A state-space approach was chosen for its flexibility and computational speed. The derived...journal article 2018
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van der Blij, N.H. (author), Ramirez Elizondo, L.M. (author), Spaan, M.T.J. (author), Bauer, P. (author)Employing bipolar dc distribution systems introduces the possibility of imbalance in the system. To analyze these systems it is crucial to create novel modelling techniques. This paper presents a method to decompose dc distribution systems into symmetrical components. The presented method simplifies the analysis of balanced, unbalanced, and...journal article 2018
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Shekhar, A. (author), Kontos, E. (author), Ramirez Elizondo, L.M. (author), Bauer, P. (author)A practical issue faced by today's ac grid is the rapidly growing power demand on its aging infrastructure. One possibility to maximize the capacity of the existing infrastructure is to refurbish the ac links to operate under dc conditions using modular multilevel converters. In this paper, the idea is applied to restructure an actual medium...conference paper 2018
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Shekhar, A. (author), Feng, X. (author), Hebner, R. (author), Gattozzi, A. (author), Strank, S. (author), Mor, A. R. (author), Ramirez Elizondo, L.M. (author), Bauer, P. (author)The thermal behavior of medium voltage dc cables can find useful applications for efficient and capacity enhanced operation in cities as well as compact power transmission on all electric ships. Concepts such as dynamic current and voltage rating, difference in thermal proximity in ac and dc operation, pulsed load application and thermal...conference paper 2018
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Van Der Meer, Dennis (author), Chandra Mouli, G.R. (author), Morales-Espana, G. (author), Ramirez Elizondo, L.M. (author), Bauer, P. (author)In [1], the name of one co-author, Germán Morales-Espana, was rendered incorrectly as Germán Morales-Espana Mouli. The correct byline is shown above. We sincerely regret the error.journal article 2018
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Shekhar, A. (author), Ramirez Elizondo, L.M. (author), Bauer, P. (author)The role of MVDC links for distribution network expansion is important. The distribution network operators (DNOs) can maximize the power transfer capacity of existing grid infrastructure during (n-1] contingencies using reconfigurable parallel ac-dc architecture. In addition this concept involves a range of efficiency, reliability and...conference paper 2018
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Shekhar, A. (author), Ramirez Elizondo, L.M. (author), Qin, Z. (author), Bauer, P. (author)Back-to-back Modular multilevel converters (MMC) for medium voltage dc (MVDC) distribution link applications offer exciting opportunities due to its superior harmonic performance and high efficiency. Based on the steady state equations, it is shown that under specific active and reactive power operation, an increase in dc link voltage can be...conference paper 2018
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Bandyopadhyay, S. (author), Dong, J. (author), Ramirez Elizondo, L.M. (author), Bauer, P. (author)Inductive power transfer (IPT) is gaining popularity across a wide range of battery charging applications like biomedical, consumer electronics and electric vehicle (EV) charging. One of the major challenges in designing IPT charge pads is determining the optimal physical sizes of the magnetic couplers resulting in efficient power transfer...conference paper 2018
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Shekhar, A. (author), Ramirez Elizondo, L.M. (author), Feng, Xianyong (author), Kontos, E. (author), Bauer, P. (author)While the scientific community recognizes the benefits of DC power transfer, the distribution network operators point out the practical and economic constraints in refurbishing the existing AC network at a medium-voltage level. Some apprehensions like reliability, cost of ownership, and safety in adopting a universal DC distribution may merit...journal article 2018
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Vega Garita, V.E. (author), Ramirez Elizondo, L.M. (author), Narayan, N.S. (author), Bauer, P. (author)Due to the variable nature of the photovoltaic generation, energy storage is imperative, and the combination of both in one device is appealing for more efficient and easy‐to‐use devices. Among the myriads of proposed approaches, there are multiple challenges to overcome to make these solutions realistic alternatives to current systems. This...journal article 2018
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van der Blij, N.H. (author), Ramirez Elizondo, L.M. (author), Spaan, M.T.J. (author), Bauer, P. (author)Changes in distribution grids pose significant challenges with respect to the control and management of these grids. Stability and decentralized control are vital to ensure the availability and accessibility of plug-and-play dc distribution grids that are (temporarily) without communication. Therefore, this paper presents guidelines for these...journal article 2018
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Shekhar, A. (author), Ramirez Elizondo, L.M. (author), Bandyopadhyay, S. (author), Mackay, L.J. (author), Bauer, P. (author)Low voltage dc distribution grids face issues associated with arc faults, aggravated by the absence of current zero crossing. The focus of this paper is to comprehensively develop a method of series arc fault detection at the load side power electronics, based on the electrode dependent initial voltage drop occurring at the arc initiation....journal article 2018
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Shekhar, A. (author), Soeiro, Thiago B. (author), Qin, Z. (author), Ramirez Elizondo, L.M. (author), Bauer, P. (author)An important step in Voltage-Source Modular Multilevel Converter (MMC) design is the selection of adequate semiconductor blocking voltage class. This paper highlights that particularly for grid connected medium voltage applications, the choice of suitable switch blocking voltage class is not so straightforward. The market available switch...conference paper 2018
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van der Meer, Dennis (author), Chandra Mouli, G.R. (author), Morales-Espana, G. (author), Ramirez Elizondo, L.M. (author), Bauer, P. (author)This paper presents the design of an energy management system (EMS) capable of forecasting photovoltaic (PV) power production and optimizing power flows between PV system, grid, and battery electric vehicles (BEVs) at the workplace. The aim is to minimize charging cost while reducing energy demand from the grid by increasing PV self...journal article 2018
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Shekhar, A. (author), Feng, Xianyong (author), Gattozzi, Angelo (author), Hebner, Robert E. (author), Wardell, Douglas (author), Strank, Shannon (author), Mor, A. R. (author), Ramirez Elizondo, L.M. (author), Bauer, P. (author)A scientific consensus is emerging on the benefits of direct current (DC) distribution in medium voltage (MV) power systems of ships and cities. At least 50% space savings and increased power transfer capacity are estimated with enhanced voltage DC operation of electric cables. The goal of this research is to contribute to developing the...journal article 2017
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Shekhar, A. (author), Ramirez Elizondo, L.M. (author), Bauer, P. (author)Since shipboard power systems are inherently islanded and consist of energy intensive sources and loads, it is an interesting application for dc microgrids. The object of this paper is to explore the merits of dc based shipboard power distribution as compared to conventional ac solutions. A survey of current initiatives, emerging concepts and...conference paper 2017