An Ammonia-Fuelled Solid Oxide Fuel Cell - Internal Combustion Engine Hybrid System for Ships

Ammonia (NH3) may reduce CO2 emissions from the marine industry as it is carbon-free and more energy-dense than hydrogen or batteries. Pure ammonia exhibits poor combustion characteristics, so several researchers have already operated small-scale internal combustion engines (ICEs) with ammonia-hydrogen blends. However, nitrogen oxides NOx and...

Future Hydrogen Town: Designing a PV-Hydrogen-Battery-FC system for atypical neighbourhood in the Netherlands

One of the goals outlined during the Paris Agreement in 2015 aimed at 'holding the increase in global average temperature to well below 2C above pre-industrial levels and pursuing efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5C'. In conjunction with this, the Klimaatakkord of the Netherlands aims to 'reduce greenhouse gas emissions in the...