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de Winter, J.C.F. (author), Saffarian, M (author), Senders, John W. (author)Objective: To share results of an experiment that used visual occlusion for a new purpose: inducing a waiting time. Background: Senders was a leading figure in human factors. In his research on the visual demands of driving, he used occlusion techniques. Methods: In a simulator experiment, we examined how drivers brake for different levels of...journal article 2022
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Bazilinskyy, P. (author), Kooijman, L. (author), Dodou, D. (author), Mallant, K.P.T. (author), Roosens, V.E.R. (author), Middelweerd, M.D.L.M. (author), Overbeek, L.D. (author), de Winter, J.C.F. (author)Past research suggests that displays on the exterior of the car, known as eHMIs, can be effective in helping pedestrians to make safe crossing decisions. This study examines a new application of eHMIs, namely the provision of directional information in scenarios where the pedestrian is almost hit by a car. In an experiment using a head-mounted...conference paper 2022
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Onkhar, V. (author), Bazilinskyy, P. (author), Dodou, D. (author), de Winter, J.C.F. (author)Many fatal accidents that involve pedestrians occur at road crossings, and are attributed to a breakdown of communication between pedestrians and drivers. Thus, it is important to investigate how forms of communication in traffic, such as eye contact, influence crossing decisions. Thus far, there is little information about the effect of...journal article 2022
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Melman, T. (author), Weijerman, Mark (author), de Winter, J.C.F. (author), Abbink, D.A. (author)Introduction: Cars are increasingly computerized, and vehicle settings such as steering gain (SG) can now be altered during driving. However, it is unknown whether transitions in SG should be adaptable (i.e., triggered by driver input) or adaptive (i.e., triggered automatically). We examined this question for road segments expected to require...journal article 2022
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Berge, S.H. (author), Hagenzieker, Marjan (author), Farah, H. (author), de Winter, J.C.F. (author)Cyclists are expected to interact with automated vehicles (AVs) in future traffic, yet we know little about the nature of this interaction and the safety implications of AVs on cyclists. On-bike human–machine interfaces (HMIs) and connecting cyclists to AVs and the road infrastructure may have the potential to enhance the safety of cyclists....journal article 2022
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Berge, S.H. (author), de Winter, J.C.F. (author), Hagenzieker, Marjan (author)Interpreting the subtleness and complexity of vulnerable road user (VRU) behaviour is still a significant challenge for automated vehicles (AVs). Solutions for facilitating safe and acceptable interactions in future automated traffic include equipping AVs and VRUs with human-machine interfaces (HMl.s), such as awareness and notification systems,...conference paper 2022
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Zhou, Feng (author), Yang, X. Jessie (author), de Winter, J.C.F. (author)Situation awareness (SA) is critical to improving takeover performance during the transition period from automated driving to manual driving. Although many studies measured SA during or after the driving task, few studies have attempted to predict SA in real time in automated driving. In this work, we propose to predict SA during the takeover...journal article 2022
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de Winter, J.C.F. (author), Petermeijer, S.M. (author), Abbink, D.A. (author)A major question in human-automation interaction is whether tasks should be traded or shared between human and automation. This work presents reflections—which have evolved through classroom debates between the authors over the past 10 years—on these two forms of human-automation interaction, with a focus on the automated driving domain. As...journal article 2022
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When terminology hinders research: the colloquialisms of transitions of control in automated drivingMaggi, Davide (author), Romano, Richard (author), Carsten, Oliver (author), de Winter, J.C.F. (author)During the last 20 years, technological advancement and economic interests have motivated research on automated driving and its impact on drivers’ behaviour, especially after transitions of control. Indeed, once the Automated Driving System (ADS) reaches its operational limits, it is forced to request human intervention. However, the fast...journal article 2022
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Mok, Chun Sang (author), Bazilinskyy, P. (author), de Winter, J.C.F. (author)Automated vehicles (AVs) can perform low-level control tasks but are not always capable of proper decision-making. This paper presents a concept of eye-based maneuver control for AV-pedestrian interaction. Previously, it was unknown whether the AV should conduct a stopping maneuver when the driver looks at the pedestrian or looks away from...journal article 2022
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Melman, T. (author), Tapus, Adriana (author), Jublot, Maxime (author), Mouton, Xavier (author), Abbink, D.A. (author), de Winter, J.C.F. (author)A key question in transportation research is whether drivers show behavioral adaptation, that is, slower or faster driving, when new technology is introduced into the vehicle. This study investigates behavioral adaptation in response to the sport mode, a technology that alters the vehicle's auditory, throttle-mapping, power-steering, and...journal article 2022
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- Berge, S.H. (author), Hagenzieker, Marjan (author), Farah, H. (author), de Winter, J.C.F. (author) abstract 2021
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de Winter, J.C.F. (author), Dodou, D. (author)This article highlights four common pitfalls in the use of statistics in the area of traffic psychology. Through computer simulations of scenarios that are typical in the field, it is first shown that a statistically significant P-value does not prove that the effect is true, especially when the effect is surprising and the P-value barely...book chapter 2021
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de Winter, J.C.F. (author), Stanton, Neville (author), Eisma, Y.B. (author)The last decade has seen a surge of driving simulator research on automation-to-manual take-overs. In this commentary, we argue that most research within the take-over paradigm bears little resemblance to real automated driving. Furthermore, we claim that results within this paradigm could already be known based on published research from the...journal article 2021
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Kolekar, S.B. (author), Petermeijer, S.M. (author), Boer, E.R. (author), de Winter, J.C.F. (author), Abbink, D.A. (author)Quantifying drivers’ perceived risk is important in the design and evaluation of the behaviour of automated vehicles (AVs) and in predicting takeovers by the driver. A ‘Driver's Risk Field’ (DRF) function has been previously shown to be able to predict manual driving behaviour in several simulated scenarios. In this paper, we tested if the...journal article 2021
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Melman, T. (author), Visser, P. (author), Mouton, Xavier (author), de Winter, J.C.F. (author)Modern computerized vehicles offer the possibility of changing vehicle parameters with the aim of creating a novel driving experience, such as an increased feeling of sportiness. For example, electric vehicles can be designed to provide an artificial sound, and the throttle mapping can be adjusted to give drivers the illusion that they are...journal article 2021
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Pouran, Behdad (author), Raoof, Amir (author), de Winter, D. A.Matthijs (author), Arbabi, V. (author), Bleys, Ronald L.A.W. (author), Beekman, F.J. (author), Zadpoor, A.A. (author), Malda, Jos (author), Weinans, Harrie (author)Recent insights suggest that the osteochondral interface plays a central role in maintaining healthy articulating joints. Uncovering the underlying transport mechanisms is key to the understanding of the cross-talk between articular cartilage and subchondral bone. Here, we describe the mechanisms that facilitate transport at the osteochondral...journal article 2021
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Onkhar, V. (author), Bazilinskyy, P. (author), Stapel, J.C.J. (author), Dodou, D. (author), Gavrila, D. (author), de Winter, J.C.F. (author)Non-verbal communication, such as eye contact between drivers and pedestrians, has been regarded as one way to reduce accident risk. So far, studies have assumed rather than objectively measured the occurrence of eye contact. We address this research gap by developing an eye contact detection method and testing it in an indoor experiment with...journal article 2021
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Driessen, T. (author), Picco, Angèle (author), Dodou, D. (author), de Waard, Dick (author), de Winter, J.C.F. (author)Vehicles are increasingly equipped with sensors that capture the state of the driver, the vehicle, and the environment. These developments are relevant to formal driver testing, but little is known about the extent to which driving examiners would support the use of sensor data in their job. This semi-structured interview study examined the...journal article 2021
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de Winter, J.C.F. (author), Hancock, P. A. (author)We review the theoretical foundation for the need for human factors science. Over the past 2.8 million years, humans and tools have co-evolved. However, in the last century, technology is introduced at a rate that exceeds human evolution. The proliferation of computers and, more recently, robots, introduces new cognitive demands, as the human...review 2021