Antibiotic resistance response of activated sludge to sulfamethoxazole: insights from the intracellular and extracellular DNA fractions

In activated sludge, the antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) can be present either in the intracellular (iDNA) or extracellular DNA fraction (exDNA). Recent advances in the exDNA extraction methodology allow a better profiling of the pool of ARGs. However, little is known about how stress conditions modify the distribution of ARGs between both...