document

Microsegregation Influence on Austenite Formation from Ferrite and Cementite in Fe–C–Mn–Si and Fe–C–Si Steels

Krugla, M. (author), Offerman, S.E. (author), Sietsma, J. (author), Hanlon, Dave N. (author)

The production reality of sheet steels from casting to the end product is such that in the cases of ultra- and advanced high-strength steels, we have to deal with the segregation of elements on macro- and microlevels. Both can have a significant impact on the microstructure formation and resulting properties. There are several production stages...

journal article 2024

document

Modeling the effect of prior austenite grain size on bainite formation kinetics

dos Santos Avila, D. (author), Offerman, S.E. (author), Santofimia, Maria Jesus (author)

While experiments show that refining the prior austenite grain size can either accelerate or decelerate bainite formation in steels, kinetic models based on the successive nucleation of bainitic ferrite subunits can only predict an acceleration. In this work we develop a physically-based model for bainite kinetics assuming a displacive growth...

journal article 2024

document

On the Importance of Model Selection for CFD Analysis of High Temperature Gas-Solid Reactive Flow; Case Study: Post Combustion Chamber of HIsarna Off-Gas System

Hosseini, A. (author), Hage, Johannes (author), Meijer, Koen (author), Offerman, S.E. (author), Yang, Y. (author)

In this paper a CFD analysis of HIsarna off-gas system for post combustion of CO-H2-carbon particle mixture is presented to evaluate the effect of different sub-models and parameters on the accuracy of predictions and simulation time. The effects of different mesh type, mesh grid size, radiation models, turbulent models, kinetic mechanism,...

journal article 2023

document

Computational Fluid Dynamics Modeling of HIsarna Off-Gas System: Wall Modeling and Heat Loss Prediction

Hosseini, A. (author), Calis, Randy (author), van der Plas, Dirk (author), Put, Pieter (author), Agema, Jelle (author), Meijer, Koen (author), Hage, Johannes (author), Offerman, S.E. (author), Yang, Y. (author)

The HIsarna off-gas system wall is a cooling jacket made of cooling pipes arranged in the radial direction and in a circular pattern. Part of the off-gas system cooling pipes are isolated using a low-thermal-conductivity refractory material to protect the cooling pipe from melting and thermal stresses. During long runs and due to...

journal article 2023

document

Static Unified Inelastic Model: pre- and post-yield dislocation-mediated deformation

van Dokkum, J.S. (author), Bos, Cornelis (author), Offerman, S.E. (author), Sietsma, J. (author)

Modelling dislocation glide over the initial part of a stress–strain curve of metals received little attention up to now. However, dislocation glide is essential to ones understanding of the fundamental relationship between inelastic deformation and the evolution of the dislocation network structure. Therefore, we present a model of...

journal article 2023

document

Nucleation Sites in the Static Recrystallization of a Hot-Deformed Ni-30 Pct Fe Austenite Model Alloy

Garcia Chao, P. (author), Eipe, Jonathan J. (author), Krugla, M. (author), Bos, Cornelis (author), Sietsma, J. (author), Kranendonk, Winfried (author), Offerman, S.E. (author)

In the present study, the nucleation of static recrystallization (SRX) in austenite after hot deformation is experimentally analyzed using a Ni-30 pct Fe model alloy. In agreement with the predictions by current models, nucleation rate exhibits a strong peak, early during SRX. Whereas such an early peak is explained by current models by the...

journal article 2023

document

CFD modelling of the off-gas system HIsarna iron making process part 2: reflux chamber geometry modification and effects on flow behaviour

Hosseini, A. (author), Dhiman, Vinod (author), Meijer, Koen (author), Zeilstra, Christiaan (author), Hage, Johannes (author), Peeters, Tim (author), Offerman, S.E. (author), Yang, Y. (author)

A three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model for the HIsarna off-gas system is set up and validated by real plant data. In the model detailed reaction mechanism and kinetic data for post-combustion of CO-H2 mixture and carbon particles are incorporated. The results are presented and discussed in another study (Part 1) by the...

journal article 2022

document

Experimental and Discrete Element Method Analysis of Galvanized Steel Scrap Particles Along and After an Inclined Chute

Georgakopoulos, E. (author), Hosseini, A. (author), Kerry, T.J. (author), Hage, Johannes (author), Meijer, Koen (author), Offerman, S.E. (author), Yang, Y. (author)

HIsarna is a novel ironmaking process with great raw materials versatility that is attractive for various secondary resources. Among the materials that can be recycled, there is steel scrap which is fed to the furnace bath through an inclined chute. The velocity distribution of the scrap particles along the chute affects the particles’...

journal article 2022

document

Off-Gas System Scale-Up of HIsarna Iron-Making Process: A CFD-Based Approach

Hosseini, A. (author), Hage, Johannes L.T. (author), Duiker, Arjan (author), Meijer, Koen (author), Peeters, Tim (author), Offerman, S.E. (author), Yang, Y. (author)

For all industrial applications, predicting system characteristics and behavior plays a vital role before constructing costly and complex multi-physic systems. Correct and reliable predictions become even more important once the aim is to go from small- to large-scale processes to establish an industrial demonstrations. In this study, a CFD...

journal article 2022

document

Thermodynamic analysis of zinc ferrite (ZnFe₂O₄) formation inside the HIsarna off-gas system

Hosseini, A. (author), Moosavi-Khoonsari, Elmira (author), Meijer, Koen (author), Hage, Johannes (author), Peeters, Tim (author), Offerman, S.E. (author), Yang, Y. (author)

HIsarna reactor is characterized by a high raw materials versatility and is therefore attractive for processing secondary iron sources. Among the materials that can be recycled through HIsarna, zinc-bearing material has drawn a special attention. Based on the plant data, once dust-containing Zinc was injected into the main reactor, a final...

journal article 2022

document

Granular Flow Modeling of Galvanized Steel Scrap Injection into the HIsarna Iron-Making Reactor

Hosseini, A. (author), Georgakopoulos, E. (author), Dihman, Vinod (author), Hage, Johannes (author), Meijer, Koen (author), Zeilstra, Christiaan (author), Offerman, S.E. (author), Yang, Y. (author)

Galvanized steel scrap flow and injection into the HIsarna reactor are investigated using discrete element method (DEM). The scrap particle is fed into the reactor through an inclined chute and hits the slag surface where the zinc content is evaporated and solid particles melt. A DEM model is setup and validated using experimental data...

journal article 2022

document

Zinc Vaporization and Self-reduction Behavior of Industrial Waste Residues for Recycling to the HIsarna Furnace

Kerry, T.J. (author), Peters, A.G.A. (author), Georgakopoulos, E. (author), Dugulan, A.I. (author), Meijer, Koen (author), Hage, Johannes (author), Offerman, S.E. (author), Yang, Y. (author)

Within the steelmaking industry, a large amount of zinc-bearing waste is produced which cannot be effectively treated through integrated steel mills. Concurrently, zinc smelters generate waste residues containing significant amounts of iron and zinc which are stored or landfilled. The zinc concentration of iron and steelmaking residues...

journal article 2022

document

CFD modelling of the off-gas system of HIsarna iron making process. Part 1: model development using detailed reaction mechanism for post-combustion of CO–H₂ mixture and carbon particles

Hosseini, A. (author), Dhiman, Vinod (author), Meijer, Koen (author), Zeilstra, Christiaan (author), Hage, Johannes (author), Peeters, Tim (author), Offerman, S.E. (author), Yang, Y. (author)

The HIsarna process is a new and breakthrough smelting reduction process for hot metal (liquid iron) production from iron ores and coal directly fed into the reactor. The flue gas from the main reactor enters the off-gas system containing small amounts of H₂, CO and carbon particles which need to be removed before further treatment...

journal article 2022

document

Phase-transformation and precipitation kinetics in vanadium micro-alloyed steels by in-situ, simultaneous neutron diffraction and SANS

Ioannidou, C. (author), Navarro Lopez, A. (author), Dalgliesh, Robert M. (author), Rijkenberg, Arjan (author), Geerlofs, N. (author), Pappas, C. (author), Sietsma, J. (author), van Well, A.A. (author), Offerman, S.E. (author)

In-situ Neutron Diffraction and Small-Angle Neutron Scattering (SANS) are employed for the first time simultaneously in order to reveal the interaction between the austenite to ferrite phase transformation and the precipitation kinetics during isothermal annealing at 650 and at 700 °C in three steels with different vanadium (V) and carbon (C)...

journal article 2021

document

Influence of dislocations on the apparent elastic constants in single metallic crystallites: an analytical approach

van Dokkum, J.S. (author), Bos, C. (author), Offerman, S.E. (author), Sietsma, J. (author)

Intricate knowledge of dislocation networks in metals has proven paramount in understanding the constitutive behaviour of these materials but current experimental methods yield limited information on the characteristics of these networks. Recently, the isotropic anelastic response of metals has been used to investigate complex dislocation...

journal article 2021

document

Recovery of rare earths from glass polishing waste for the production of aluminium-rare earth alloys

Borra, C.R. (author), Vlugt, T.J.H. (author), Yang, Y. (author), Spooren, Jeroen (author), Nielsen, Peter (author), Amirthalingam, Murugaiyan (author), Offerman, S.E. (author)

The circular economy demands waste utilization for the production of high-value products, and this requires the development of novel processing routes. In this study, rare earth (La and Ce) oxides were completely (>99%) recovered from polishing waste by a combined novel reductive acid leaching and alkali treatment process. About 70% of...

journal article 2021

document

Furnace for in situ and simultaneous studies of nano-precipitates and phase transformations in steels by SANS and neutron diffraction

Navarro Lopez, A. (author), Ioannidou, C. (author), van der Wal, E.M. (author), Arechabaleta Guenechea, Z. (author), van den Oever, R. (author), Verleg, M.N. (author), Dalgliesh, R. M. (author), Sykora, J. (author), Akeroyd, F. A. (author), Geerlofs, N. (author), Sietsma, J. (author), Pappas, C. (author), van Well, A.A. (author), Offerman, S.E. (author)

Interphase precipitation occurring during solid-state phase transformations in micro-alloyed steels is generally studied through transmission electron microscopy, atom probe tomography, and ex situ measurements of Small-Angle Neutron Scattering (SANS). The advantage of SANS over the other two characterization techniques is that SANS allows...

journal article 2020

document

Microstructure, precipitate and property evolution in cold-rolled Ti-V high strength low alloy steel

Zhang, Xukai (author), Ioannidou, C. (author), ten Brink, Gert H. (author), Navarro Lopez, A. (author), Wormann, Jan (author), Campaniello, Jean (author), Dalgliesh, Robert M. (author), van Well, A.A. (author), Offerman, S.E. (author), Kranendonk, Winfried (author), Kooi, Bart J. (author)

A cold-rolled Ti-V high strength low alloy (HSLA) steel was isothermally annealed at 650 °C and 700 °C for different times. A unique combination of techniques including visible light microscopy (VLM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), matrix dissolution, small angle neutron scattering (SANS) and hardness measurement has been employed to...

journal article 2020

document

Effect of silicon, manganese and heating rate on the ferrite recrystallization kinetics

Shah, Vitesh (author), Krugla, M. (author), Offerman, S.E. (author), Sietsma, J. (author), Hanlon, David Neal (author)

This study presents the effects of silicon (Si) and manganese (Mn) concentration and of heating rate on the ferrite recrystallization kinetics in seven model alloys with different Si and Mn concentrations, which are of relevance for the development of Advanced High Strength Steels (AHSS). The recrystallization kinetics were studied with in...

journal article 2020

document

Evolution of the precipitate composition during annealing of vanadium micro-alloyed steels by in-situ SANS

Ioannidou, C. (author), Navarro Lopez, A. (author), Rijkenberg, Arjan (author), Dalgliesh, Robert M. (author), Koelling, Sebastian (author), Pappas, C. (author), Sietsma, J. (author), van Well, A.A. (author), Offerman, S.E. (author)

In-situ Small-Angle Neutron Scattering (SANS) is used to determine the time evolution of the chemical composition of precipitates at 650 °C and 700 °C in three micro-alloyed steels with different vanadium (V) and carbon (C) concentrations. Precipitates with a distribution of substoichiometric carbon-to-metal ratios are measured in all steels....

journal article 2020