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Performance of the SRON Ti/Autransition edge sensor x-ray calorimeters

de Wit, Martin (author), Gottardi, L (author), Nagayoshi, K. (author), Akamatsu, H. (author), de Bruijn, M.P. (author), Ridder, M.L. (author), Taralli, E. (author), Vaccaro, D. (author), Gao, J.R. (author)

In the early 2030s, ESAs new X-ray observatory, Athena, is scheduled to be launched. It will carry two main<br/>instruments, one of which is the X-ray Integral Field Unit (X-IFU), an X-ray imaging spectrometer, which will consist of an array of several thousand transition-edge sensors (TESs) with a proposed energy resolution of 2.5 eV for photon...

conference paper 2022

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Thermal Crosstalk of X-Ray Transition-Edge Sensor Micro-Calorimeters under Frequency Domain Multiplexing Readout

Vaccaro, Davide (author), Akamatsu, Hiroki (author), Bruijn, Marcel (author), Gottardi, Luciano (author), Den Hartog, Roland (author), Van Der Kuur, Jan (author), Ridder, Marcel (author), De Wit, Martin (author), Gao, J.R. (author)

We have measured and characterized the thermal crosstalk in two different arrays of transition-edge sensor (TES) X-ray microcalorimeters with frequency-domain multiplexing (FDM) readout. The TES arrays are fabricated at SRON and are a 8 × 8 and a 32 × 32 'kilo-pixel' uniform array. The amount of crosstalk is evaluated as the ratio between the...

journal article 2022

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Small Size Transition-Edge Sensors for Future X-Ray Applications

Taralli, E. (author), de Wit, M. (author), Gottardi, L. (author), Nagayoshi, K. (author), Visser, S. (author), Ridder, M.L. (author), Akamatsu, H. (author), Vaccaro, D. (author), Gao, J.R. (author)

Large arrays of transition edge sensors (TESs) are the baseline for a number of future space observatories. For instance, the X-ray integral field unit (X-IFU) instrument on board the ATHENA space telescope will consist of ∼ 3000 TESs with high energy resolution (2eV at X-ray energies up to 7 keV). In this contribution we report on the...

journal article 2022

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Lateral Inverse Proximity Effect in Ti/Au Transition Edge Sensors

Nagayoshi, K. (author), de Wit, M. (author), Taralli, E. (author), Visser, S. (author), Ridder, M. L. (author), Gottardi, L. (author), Akamatsu, H. (author), Vaccaro, D. (author), Gao, J.R. (author)

We report measured T_c of superconducting Ti/Au bilayer strips with a width W varying from 5 to 50 µm. The strips were fabricated based on a Ti/Au bilayer that consists of a 41-nm-thick Ti layer to which a 280-nm-thick Au layer was added. We find that the T_c drops as W decreases and the declining trend almost perfectly...

journal article 2022

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Mitigation of the Magnetic Field Susceptibility of Transition-Edge Sensors Using a Superconducting Groundplane

de Wit, M. (author), Gottardi, L (author), Ridder, Marcel L. (author), Nagayoshi, K. (author), Taralli, E. (author), Akamatsu, H. (author), Vaccaro, D. (author), den Herder, J. W.A. (author), de Bruijn, M.P. (author), Gao, J.R. (author)

Transition-edge-sensor (TES) microcalorimeters and bolometers are used for a variety of applications.The sensors are based on the steep temperature-dependent resistance of the normal-to-superconducting transition, and are thus intrinsically sensitive to magnetic fields. Conventionally the detectors are shielded from stray magnetic fields using...

journal article 2022

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Single Pixel Performance of a 32 x 32 Ti/Au TES Array With Broadband X-Ray Spectra

D'andrea, Matteo (author), Taralli, Emanuele (author), Akamatsu, Hiroki (author), Gottardi, Luciano (author), Nagayoshi, Kenichiro (author), Ravensberg, Kevin (author), Ridder, Marcel L. (author), Vaccaro, Davide (author), De Vries, Cor P. (author), De Wit, Martin (author), Hoogeveen, Ruud W.M. (author), Gao, J.R. (author)

We are developing a kilo-pixels Ti/Au TES array as a backup option for Athena X-IFU. Here we report on single-pixel performance of a 32 × 32 array operated in a Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM) readout system, with bias frequencies in the range 1-5 MHz. We have tested the pixels response at several photon energies, by means of a 55Fe...

journal article 2021

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Frequency division multiplexing readout of 60 low-noise transition-edge sensor bolometers

Wang, Q. (author), Khosropanah, P. (author), Van Der Kuur, J. (author), de Lange, G. (author), Audley, M. D. (author), Aminaei, A. (author), Ridder, M.L. (author), Van Der Linden, A. J. (author), Bruijn, M. P. (author), Gao, J.R. (author)

We demonstrate multiplexing readout of 60 transition edge sensor (TES) bolometers operating at 90 mK using a frequency division multiplexing readout chain with bias frequencies ranging from 1 to 3.5 MHz and with a typical frequency spacing of 32 kHz. The readout chain starts with a two-stage SQUID amplifier and has a noise level of 9.5 pA/ Hz...

journal article 2021

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Impact of the Absorber-Coupling Design for Transition-Edge-Sensor X-Ray Calorimeters

de Wit, M. (author), Gottardi, L. (author), Taralli, E. (author), Nagayoshi, K. (author), Ridder, M.L. (author), Akamatsu, H. (author), Bruijn, M. P. (author), Hoogeveen, R. W.M. (author), Gao, J.R. (author)

Transition-edge sensors (TESs) are the selected technology for future spaceborne x-ray observatories, such as Athena, Lynx, and HUBS. These missions demand thousands of pixels to be operated simultaneously with high energy-resolving power. To reach these demanding requirements, every aspect of the TES design has to be optimized. Here we...

journal article 2021

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AC/DC Characterization of a Ti/Au TES with Au/Bi Absorber for X-ray Detection

Taralli, E. (author), Pobes, C. (author), Khosropanah, P. (author), Fabrega, L. (author), Camón, A. (author), Gottardi, L. (author), Nagayoshi, K. (author), Ridder, M.L. (author), Bruijn, M. P. (author), Gao, J.R. (author)

Transition-edge sensors (TESs) are used as very sensitive thermometers in microcalorimeters aimed at detection of different wavelengths. In particular, for soft X-ray astrophysics, science goals require very high-resolution microcalorimeters which can be achieved with TESs coupled to suitable absorbers. For many applications, there is also...

journal article 2020

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Study of TES Detector Transition Curve to Optimize the Pixel Design for Frequency-Division Multiplexing Readout

Ridder, M. L. (author), Nagayoshi, K. (author), Bruijn, M. P. (author), Gottardi, L. (author), Taralli, E. (author), Khosropanah, P. (author), Akamatsu, H. (author), van der Kuur, J. (author), Ravensberg, K. (author), Visser, S. (author), Nieuwenhuizen, A. C.T. (author), Gao, J.R. (author), den Herder, J. W. (author)

Superconducting transition-edge sensors (TESs) are highly sensitive detectors. Based on the outstanding performance on spectral resolution, the X-ray integral field unit (X-IFU) instrument on-board athena will be equipped with a large array of TES-based microcalorimeters. For optimal performance in terms of the energy resolution, it is...

journal article 2020

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3.9 THz spatial filter based on a back-to-back Si-lens system

Gan, Y. (author), Mirzaei, B. (author), van der Poel, S. (author), Silva, Jose R.G. (author), Finkel, M. (author), Eggens, Martin (author), Ridder, M.L. (author), Khalatpour, Ali (author), Gao, J.R. (author)

We present a terahertz spatial filter consisting of two back-to-back (B2B) mounted elliptical silicon lenses and an opening aperture defined on a thin gold layer between the lenses. The beam filtering efficiency of the B2B lens system is investigated by simulation and experiment. Using a unidirectional antenna coupled 3rd-order distributed...

journal article 2020

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Development of a Ti/Au TES Microcalorimeter Array as a Backup Sensor for the Athena/X-IFU Instrument

Nagayoshi, K. (author), Ridder, M. L. (author), Bruijn, M. P. (author), Gottardi, L. (author), Taralli, E. (author), Khosropanah, P. (author), Akamatsu, H. (author), Visser, S. (author), Gao, J.R. (author)

We are developing a transition edge sensor (TES) microcalorimeter array based on a Ti/Au superconducting bilayer, as a backup option for the X-IFU instrument on the Athena X-ray observatory. The array is read out by a frequency-division multiplexing readout system using a 1–5 MHz frequency band. Extensive research collaborations between NASA...

journal article 2019

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Complex impedance of TESs under AC bias using FDM readout system

Taralli, E. (author), Khosropanah, P. (author), Gottardi, L. (author), Nagayoshi, K. (author), Ridder, M. L. (author), Bruijn, M. P. (author), Gao, J.R. (author)

The next generation of Far-infrared and X-ray space observatories will require detector arrays with thousands of transition edge sensor (TES) pixel. It is extremely important to have a tool that is able to characterize all the pixels and that can give a clear picture of the performance of the devices. In particular, we refer to those aspects...

journal article 2019

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Josephson Effects in Frequency-Domain Multiplexed TES Microcalorimeters and Bolometers

Gottardi, L. (author), Smith, S.J. (author), Kozorezov, A. (author), Akamatsu, H. (author), Bruijn, M. P. (author), Chervenak, J. A. (author), Gao, J.R. (author), Jackson, B. D. (author), Ridder, M. (author)

Frequency-division multiplexing is the baseline read-out system for large arrays of superconducting transition-edge sensors (TES’s) under development for the X-ray and infrared instruments like X-IFU (Athena) and SAFARI, respectively. In this multiplexing scheme, the sensors are ac-biased at different frequencies from 1 to 5 MHz and operate...

journal article 2018

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Optical performance of an ultra-sensitive horn-coupled transition-edge-sensor bolometer with hemispherical backshort in the far infrared

Audley, Michael D. (author), De Lange, Gert (author), Gao, J.R. (author), Khosropanah, Pourya (author), Hijmering, Richard (author), Ridder, Marcel (author), Mauskopf, Philip D. (author), Morozov, Dmitry (author), Trappe, Neil A. (author), Doherty, Stephen (author)

The next generation of far infrared space observatories will require extremely sensitive detectors that can be realized only by combining extremely low intrinsic noise with high optical efficiency. We have measured the broad-band optical response of ultra-sensitive transtion edge sensor (TES) bolometers (NEP ≈ 2 aW / Hz) in the 30-60-μm band...

journal article 2016

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Readout of a 176 pixel FDM system for SAFARI TES arrays

Hijmering, R. A. (author), den Hartog, R (author), Ridder, M. (author), Van Der Linden, A. J. (author), Van Der Kuur, J. (author), Gao, J.R. (author), Jackson, B. (author)

In this paper we present the results of our 176-pixel prototype of the FDM readout system for SAFARI, a TES-based focal-plane instrument for the far-IR SPICA mission. We have implemented the knowledge obtained from the detailed study on electrical crosstalk reported previously. The effect of carrier leakage is reduced by a factor two, mutual...

conference paper 2016

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Ultra-low noise TES bolometer arrays for SAFARI instrument on SPICA

Khosropanah, P (author), Suzuki, T. (author), Ridder, M. L. (author), Hijmering, R. A. (author), Akamatsu, H. (author), Gottardi, L (author), Van Der Kuur, J. (author), Gao, J.R. (author), Jackson, B. D. (author)

SRON is developing ultra-low noise Transition Edge Sensors (TESs) based on a superconducting Ti/Au bilayer on a suspended SiN island with SiN legs for the SAFARI instrument aboard the SPICA mission. We successfully fabricated TESs with very narrow (0.5-0.7 μm) and thin (0.25 μm) SiN legs on different sizes of SiN islands using deep...

conference paper 2016

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Complex impedance and equivalent bolometer, analysis of a low noise bolometer for SAFARI

Lindeman, M.A. (author), Khosropanah, P. (author), Hijmering, R.A. (author), Ridder, M. (author), Gottardi, L. (author), Bruijn, M. (author), Van der Kuur, J. (author), De Korte, P.A.J. (author), Gao, J.R. (author), Hoevers, H. (author)

Transition-edge-sensor (TES) bolometers are the chosen detector technology for the SAFARI Imaging Spectrometer on the SPICA telescope. For this mission, SRON is developing bolometers, each consisting of a TiAu TES that is weakly coupled to the thermal bath through thin legs of silicon nitride. In order to understand and optimize the bolometer...

journal article 2012

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Effect of magnetic fields on TiAu TES bolometers for the SAFARI instrument on the SPICA FIR telescope

Hijmering, R.A. (author), Khosropanah, P. (author), Ridder, M. (author), Lindeman, M. (author), Gottardi, L. (author), Bruijn, M. (author), Van der Kuur, J. (author), De Korte, P. (author), Gao, J.R. (author), Hoervers, H. (author), Jackson, B. (author)

At the Netherlands Institute for Space Research (SRON) we are developing Transition Edge Sensors (TES) bolometers for the SAFARI Imaging Spectrometer on the SPICA telescope. With the current design of the SPICA telescope a background magnetic field of about a Gauss with fluctuations of a couple percent is expected. The effect of this external...

journal article 2012

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AC bias characterization of low noise bolometers for SAFARI using an open-loop frequency domain SQUID-based multiplexer operating between 1 and 5 MHz

Gottardi, L. (author), Bruijn, M. (author), Gao, J.R. (author), Den Hartog, R. (author), Hijmering, R. (author), Hoevers, H. (author), Khosropanah, P. (author), De Korte, P. (author), Van der Kuur, J. (author), Lindeman, M. (author), Ridder, M. (author)

SRON is developing the Frequency Domain Multiplexing (FDM) read-out and the ultra low NEP TES bolometers array for the infra-red spectrometer SAFARI on board of the Japanese space mission SPICA. The FDM prototype of the instrument requires critical and complex optimizations. For single pixel characterization under AC bias we are developing a...

journal article 2012