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Kolen, M. (author), Ripepi, D. (author), Smith, W.A. (author), Burdyny, T.E. (author), Mulder, F.M. (author)The nitrogen reduction reaction (NRR) is a promising pathway toward the decarbonization of ammonia (NH3) production. However, unless practical challenges related to the detection of NH3 are removed, confidence in published data and experimental throughput will remain low for experiments in aqueous electrolyte. In this perspective, we analyze...review 2022
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- Liu, K. (author), Smith, W.A. (author), Burdyny, Thomas (author) review 2019
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Blommaert, M.A. (author), Aili, David (author), Tufa, Ramato Ashu (author), Li, Qingfeng (author), Smith, W.A. (author), Vermaas, D.A. (author)Bipolar membranes (BPMs) are gaining interest in energy conversion technologies. These membranes are composed of cation- and anion-exchange layers, with an interfacial layer in between. This gives the freedom to operate in different conditions (pH, concentration, composition) at both sides. Such membranes are used in two operational modes,...review 2021
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Guerra, Omar J. (author), Almajed, Hussain M. (author), Smith, W.A. (author), Somoza Tornos, A. (author), Hodge, Bri Mathias S. (author)As energy systems across the globe transition toward net-zero emissions, the decarbonization of hard-to-decarbonize sectors, e.g., industry and transportation, is becoming more crucial. Renewable power-driven carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>) electrolysis has the potential to facilitate this transition by (1) substituting carbon-intensive...review 2023
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Kas, R. (author), Yang, K. (author), Bohra, D. (author), Kortlever, R. (author), Burdyny, T.E. (author), Smith, W.A. (author)Electrochemical CO<sub>2</sub> reduction has received an increased amount of interest in the last decade as a promising avenue for storing renewable electricity in chemical bonds. Despite considerable progress on catalyst performance using nanostructured electrodes, the sensitivity of the reaction to process conditions has led to debate on...review 2020
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Smith, W.A. (author), Burdyny, T.E. (author), Vermaas, D.A. (author), Geerlings, J.J.C. (author)Using renewable energy as an input, Power-to-X technologies have the potential to replace fossil fuels and chemicals with dense-energy carriers that are instead derived out of thin air. In this work, we put into context what the industrial-scale production of chemicals from ambient CO<sub>2</sub> using CO<sub>2</sub> electrolysis means in...review 2019
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Kas, R. (author), Ayemoba, Onagie (author), Firet, N.J. (author), Middelkoop, J. (author), Smith, W.A. (author), Cuesta, Angel (author)The field of electrochemical CO<sub>2</sub> conversion is undergoing significant growth in terms of the number of publications and worldwide research groups involved. Despite improvements of the catalytic performance, the complex reaction mechanisms and solution chemistry of CO<sub>2</sub> have resulted in a considerable amount of...review 2019
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Kumar, N. (author), Abdi, F.F. (author), Trzesniewski, B. (author), Smith, W.A. (author), Planken, P.C.M. (author), Adam, A.J.L. (author)We demonstrate emission of terahertz pulses from a BiVO4/Au thin film interface, illuminated with femtosecond laser pulses. Based on the experimental observations, we propose that the most likely cause of the THz emission is the Photo-Dember effect caused by the standing wave intensity distribution formed at the BiVO4/Au interfaces.journal article 2015
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Trze?niewski, B.J. (author), Smith, W.A. (author)Bismuth vanadate (BiVO4) is a promising semiconductor material for the production of solar fuels via photoelectrochemical water splitting, however, it suffers from substantial recombination losses that limit its performance to well below its theoretical maximum. Here we demonstrate for the first time that the photoelectrochemical (PEC)...journal article 2015
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Vermaas, D.A. (author), Sassenburg, M. (author), Smith, W.A. (author)Different pH requirements for a cathode and an anode result in a non-optimal performance for practical solar fuel systems. We present for the first time a photo-assisted water splitting device using a bipolar membrane, which allows a cathode to operate in an acidic electrolyte while the photoanode is in alkaline conditions. The bipolar membrane...journal article 2015
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Burdyny, T.E. (author), Sassenburg, M. (author), de Rooij, R. (author), Nessbit, Nathan (author), Kas, R. (author), Chandrashekar, S. (author), Firet, N.J. (author), Yang, K. (author), Liu, K. (author), Blommaert, M.A. (author), Kolen, M. (author), Ripepi, D. (author), Smith, W.A. (author)Continued advancements in the electrochemical reduction of CO 2 (CO 2RR) have emphasized that reactivity,selectivity, and stability are not explicit material properties butcombined effects of the catalyst, double-layer, reaction environ-<br/>ment, and system configuration. These realizations have steadily built upon the foundational work...journal article 2022
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Bohra, D. (author), Chaudhry, Jehanzeb H. (author), Burdyny, T.E. (author), Pidko, E.A. (author), Smith, W.A. (author)The environment of a CO2 electroreduction (CO2ER) catalyst is intimately coupled with the surface reaction energetics and is therefore a critical aspect of the overall system performance. The immediate reaction environment of the electrocatalyst constitutes the electrical double layer (EDL) which extends a few nanometers into the electrolyte and...journal article 2019
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Bae, D. (author), Kanellos, Gerasimos (author), Faasse, G.M. (author), Dražević, Emil (author), Venugopal, A. (author), Smith, W.A. (author)Recent advances in photoelectrochemical redox flow cells, such as solar redox flow batteries, have received much attention as an alternative integrated technology for simultaneous conversion and storage of solar energy. Theoretically, it has been reported that even single- photon devices can demonstrate unbiased photo-charging with high solar-to...journal article 2020
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Bae, D. (author), Faasse, Richard (author), Smith, W.A. (author)Achieving high current densities without thermal performance degradation at high temperatures is one of the main challenges for enhancing the competitiveness of photo-electrochemical energy storage systems. We describe a system that overcomes this challenge by incorporating an integrated photoelectrode with a redox flow cell, which functions...journal article 2020
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Nesbitt, N.T. (author), Smith, W.A. (author)Electrochemical atomic force microscopy (EC-AFM) enables measurement of electrode topography and mechanical properties during electrochemical reactions. However, for aqueous-based reactions that make gas products, such as CO2 reduction and water splitting into CO/H2, current densities below 1 mA cm-2 have been necessary to prevent formation...journal article 2021
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- Buonsanti, Raffaella (author), Smith, W.A. (author) journal article 2021
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Almajed, Hussain M. (author), Guerra, Omar J. (author), Smith, W.A. (author), Hodge, Bri Mathias (author), Somoza Tornos, A. (author)Defossilizing the chemical industry using air-to-chemical processes offers a promising solution to driving down the emission trajectory to net-zero by 2050. Syngas is a key intermediate in the chemical industry, which can be produced from electrolytic H2 and air-sourced CO2. To techno-economically assess possible emerging air-to-syngas routes,...journal article 2023
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Nesbitt, Nathan T. (author), Burdyny, T.E. (author), Salvatore, Danielle (author), Bohra, D. (author), Kas, Recep (author), Smith, W.A. (author)Electrochemical CO2 electrolysis to produce hydrocarbon fuels or material feedstocks offers a renewable alternative to fossilized carbon sources. Gas-diffusion electrodes (GDEs), composed of solid electrocatalysts on porous supports positioned near the interface of a conducting electrolyte and CO2 gas, have been able to demonstrate the...journal article 2020
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Assessing Silver Palladium Alloys for Electrochemical CO2 Reduction in Membrane Electrode AssembliesChandrashekar, S. (author), Geerlings, J.J.C. (author), Smith, W.A. (author)The field of electrochemical CO<sub>2</sub> reduction has been transitioning to industrially relevant scales by changing the architecture of the electrochemical cells and moving away from the traditional aqueous H-cells to membrane electrode assemblies (MEA). The reaction environments in MEAs vary drastically from that of aqueous H-cells,...journal article 2021
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Blommaert, M.A. (author), Subramanian, S.S. (author), Yang, K. (author), Smith, W.A. (author), Vermaas, D.A. (author)Typically, anion exchange membranes (AEMs) are used in CO2 electrolyzers, but those suffer from unwanted CO2 crossover, implying (indirect) energy consumption for generating an excess of CO2 feed and purification of the KOH anolyte. As an alternative, bipolar membranes (BPMs) have been suggested, which mitigate the reactant loss by...journal article 2021