Bipolar membrane electrodialysis for energetically competitive ammonium removal and dissolved ammonia production

Removal of ammoniacal nitrogen from residual waters traditionally relies on energy-consuming biochemical processes, while more novel alternative strategies focus on the recovery of total ammoniacal nitrogen for the production of fertilisers or the generation of energy. The recovery of total ammoniacal nitrogen as gaseous ammonia is more...

Application of dynamic current density for increased concentration factors and reduced energy consumption for concentrating ammonium by electrodialysis

Ammonium (NH₄⁺) can be recovered from water for fertiliser production or even energy production purposes. Because NH₄⁺ recovery is more effective at increased concentrations, electrodialysis (ED) can be used to concentrate NH₄⁺ from side streams, such as sludge reject water,...