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de Winter, J.C.F. (author), Bazilinskyy, P. (author), Wesdorp, Dale (author), de Vlam, Valerie (author), Hopmans, Belle (author), Visscher, Just (author), Dodou, D. (author)We examined what pedestrians look at when walking through a parking garage. Thirty-six participants walked a short route in a parking garage while their eye movements and head rotations were recorded with a Tobii Pro Glasses 2 eye-tracker. The participants’ fixations were then classified into 14 areas of interest. The results showed that...journal article 2021
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de Winter, J.C.F. (author), Petermeijer, S.M. (author), Kooijman, L. (author), Dodou, D. (author)Several papers by Eckhard Hess from the 1960s and 1970s report that the pupils dilate or constrict according to the interest value, arousing content, or mental demands of visual stimuli. However, Hess mostly used small sample sizes and undocumented luminance control. In a first experiment (N = 182) and a second preregistered experiment (N =...journal article 2021
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de Winter, J.C.F. (author), Dodou, D. (author)This article highlights four common pitfalls in the use of statistics in the area of traffic psychology. Through computer simulations of scenarios that are typical in the field, it is first shown that a statistically significant P-value does not prove that the effect is true, especially when the effect is surprising and the P-value barely...book chapter 2021
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Bazilinskyy, P. (author), Dodou, D. (author), de Winter, J.C.F. (author)In a crowdsourced experiment, the effects of distance and type of the approaching vehicle, traffic density, and visual clutter on pedestrians’ attention distribution were explored. 966 participants viewed 107 images of diverse traffic scenes for durations between 100 and 4000 ms. Participants’ eye-gaze data were collected using the TurkEyes...conference paper 2021
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Bazilinskyy, P. (author), Kooijman, L. (author), Dodou, D. (author), de Winter, J.C.F. (author)Driving simulators are regarded as valuable tools for human factors research on automated driving and traffic safety. However, simulators that enable the study of human-human interactions are rare. In this study, we present an open-source coupled simulator developed in Unity. The simulator supports input from head-mounted displays, motion suits,...conference paper 2020
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Bazilinskyy, P. (author), Dodou, D. (author), de Winter, J.C.F. (author)Future automated vehicles may be equipped with external human-machine interfaces (eHMIs) capable of signaling to pedestrians whether or not they can cross the road. There is currently no consensus on the correct colors for eHMIs. Industry and academia have already proposed a variety of eHMI colors, including red and green, as well as colors...conference paper 2020
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Bazilinskyy, P. (author), Eisma, Y.B. (author), Dodou, D. (author), de Winter, J.C.F. (author)Objective: Research has shown that perceived risk is a vital variable in the understanding of road traffic safety. Having experience in a particular traffic environment can be expected to affect perceived risk. More specifically, drivers may readily recognize traffic hazards when driving in their own world region, resulting in high perceived...journal article 2020
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Bazilinskyy, P. (author), Bijker, Laurens (author), Dielissen, Tim (author), French, Shin (author), Mooijman, Tom (author), Peters, Luka (author), Happee, R. (author), Dodou, D. (author), de Winter, J.C.F. (author)This study is the third iteration in a series of studies aimed to develop a system that allows driving blindfolded. We used a sonification approach, where the predicted angular error of the car 2 seconds into the future was translated into spatialized beeping sounds. In a driving simulator experiment, we tested with 20 participants whether a...conference paper 2019
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Bazilinskyy, P. (author), Dodou, D. (author), de Winter, J.C.F. (author)The automotive industry has presented a variety of external human-machine interfaces (eHMIs) for automated vehicles (AVs). However, there appears to be no consensus on which types of eHMIs are clear to vulnerable road users. Here, we present the results of two large crowdsourcing surveys on this topic. In the first survey, we asked...journal article 2019
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de Winter, J.C.F. (author), Dodou, D. (author), Happee, R. (author), Eisma, Y.B. (author)Vehicles are increasingly equipped with sensors that measure the state of the vehicle and surrounding road users. Although most of these sensor data currently remain local to the vehicle, the data could be shared with the aim to improve road safety. We postulate that there is a range of scenarios regarding data sharing, with two extremes: In...journal article 2019
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Bazilinskyy, P. (author), Kyriakidis, M. (author), Dodou, D. (author), de Winter, J.C.F. (author)When fully automated cars will be widespread is a question that has attracted considerable attention from futurists, car manufacturers, and academics. This paper aims to poll the public's expectations regarding the deployment of fully automated cars. In 15 crowdsourcing surveys conducted between June 2014 and January 2019, we obtained answers...journal article 2019
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Bazilinskyy, P. (author), Heisterkamp, Niels (author), Luik, Philine (author), Klevering, Stijn (author), Haddou, Assia (author), Zult, Michiel (author), Dialynas, G. (author), Dodou, D. (author), de Winter, J.C.F. (author)A common limitation in human factors research is that vehicle simulators often lack perceptual fidelity. Video games, on the other hand, are becoming increasingly realistic and may be a promising tool for simulator-based human factors research. In this work, we explored whether an off-the-shelf video game is suitable for research purposes. We...conference paper 2018
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Bazilinskyy, P. (author), Petermeijer, S.M. (author), Petrovych, V. (author), Dodou, D. (author), de Winter, J.C.F. (author)An important research question in the domain of highly automated driving is how to aid drivers in transitions between manual and automated control. Until highly automated cars are available, knowledge on this topic has to be obtained via simulators and self-report questionnaires. Using crowdsourcing, we surveyed 1692 people on auditory,...journal article 2018
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Ali, A. (author), de Winter, J.C.F. (author), Dodou, D. (author), Breedveld, P. (author)To overcome the challenges presented by complex 3-dimensional shapes and tortuous vasculature in the cardiovascular environment, we previously developed a prototype of a multi-steerable catheter having 4 DOFs controlled by two joysticks [1]. However, it remains unknown whether the added steering possibilities are beneficial in the cardiovascular...abstract 2017
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de Winter, J.C.F. (author), Dodou, D. (author)Less developed countries are overrepresented in traffic accidents, but knowledge on national differences in aberrant driving behaviours is scarce. This study investigated relationships between traffic violations measured with a 7-item Driver Behaviour Questionnaire and traffic accident involvement for an international crowdsourced sample. At...journal article 2016
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de Winter, J.C.F. (author), Dodou, D. (author)Common factor analysis (CFA) and principal component analysis (PCA) are widely used multivariate techniques. Using simulations, we compared CFA with PCA loadings for distortions of a perfect cluster configuration. Results showed that nonzero PCA loadings were higher and more stable than nonzero CFA loadings. Compared to CFA loadings, PCA...journal article 2016
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De Winter, J.C.F. (author), Dodou, D. (author)It is known that statistically significant (positive) results are more likely to be published than non-significant (negative) results. However, it has been unclear whether any increasing prevalence of positive results is stronger in the "softer" disciplines (social sciences) than in the "harder" disciplines (physical sciences), and whether the...journal article 2015
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de Winter, J.C.F. (author), Dodou, D. (author), Hancock, PA (author)The science of Human Factors and Ergonomics (HF/E) often relies on self-report. This is a cause for concern because subjective methods are inherently susceptible to bias. Here, we present, examine and discuss a puzzling association between age and self-reported cognitive failures as assessed with Broadbent's Cognitive Failures Questionnaire (CFQ...journal article 2015
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A quarter of a century of the DBQ: some supplementary notes on its validity with regard to accidentsde Winter, J.C.F. (author), Dodou, D. (author), Stanton, NA (author)This article synthesises the latest information on the relationship between the Driver Behaviour Questionnaire (DBQ) and accidents. We show by means of computer simulation that correlations with accidents are necessarily small because accidents are rare events. An updated meta-analysis on the zero-order correlations between the DBQ and self...journal article 2015
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Dodou, D. (author), de Winter, J.C.F. (author)This random‐effects meta‐analysis investigates the accuracy of self‐reported colorectal cancer screening history as a function of screening mode (colonoscopy, flexible sigmoidoscopy, faecal occult blood testing – FOBT, double‐contrast barium enema – DCBE) and survey mode (written, telephone, face‐to‐face). Summary estimates of sensitivity,...journal article 2015