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Melman, T. (author), de Winter, J.C.F. (author), Mouton, Xavier (author), Tapus, Adriana (author), Abbink, D.A. (author)Several modern vehicles provide the option to select a driving mode. However, the literature contains no empirical studies that investigate how driving modes affect the vehicle's dynamic behaviour in regular on-road driving. We examined for which CAN-bus signals the differences between Renault's Multi-Sense® comfort and sport modes are most...journal article 2019
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Bazilinskyy, P. (author), Larsson, Pontus (author), Johansson, Emma (author), de Winter, J.C.F. (author)The number of trucks that are equipped with driver assistance systems is increasing. These driver assistance systems typically offer binary auditory warnings or notifications upon lane departure, close headway, or automation (de)activation. Such binary sounds may annoy the driver if presented frequently. Truck drivers are well accustomed to the...journal article 2019
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Bazilinskyy, P. (author), Dodou, D. (author), de Winter, J.C.F. (author)The automotive industry has presented a variety of external human-machine interfaces (eHMIs) for automated vehicles (AVs). However, there appears to be no consensus on which types of eHMIs are clear to vulnerable road users. Here, we present the results of two large crowdsourcing surveys on this topic. In the first survey, we asked...journal article 2019
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Kooijman, L. (author), Happee, R. (author), de Winter, J.C.F. (author)In future traffic, automated vehicles may be equipped with external human-machine interfaces (eHMIs) that can communicate with pedestrians. Previous research suggests that, during first encounters, pedestrians regard text-based eHMIs as clearer than light-based eHMIs. However, in much of the previous research, pedestrians were asked to imagine...journal article 2019
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Nordhoff, S. (author), de Winter, J.C.F. (author), Madigan, Ruth (author), Merat, Natasha (author), van Arem, B. (author), Happee, R. (author)Automated shuttles are now in a prototyping phase in several research projects. However, there is still a paucity of knowledge on the acceptance of these shuttles. This paper presents the results of a questionnaire study among individuals (n = 384) who physically experienced an automated shuttle on an office campus in Berlin-Schöneberg. The...journal article 2018
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Cabrall, C.D.D. (author), Janssen, Nico (author), de Winter, J.C.F. (author)Background<br/>Automated driving is often proposed as a solution to human errors. However, fully automated driving has not yet reached the point where it can be implemented in real traffic. This study focused on adaptively allocating steering control either to the driver or to an automated pilot based on momentary driver distraction measured...journal article 2018
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Cabrall, C.D.D. (author), Lu, Z. (author), Kyriakidis, M. (author), Manca, L. (author), Dijksterhuis, C. (author), Happee, R. (author), de Winter, J.C.F. (author)A common challenge with processing naturalistic driving data is that humans may need to categorize great volumes of recorded visual information. By means of the online platform CrowdFlower, we investigated the potential of crowdsourcing to categorize driving scene features (i.e., presence of other road users, straight road segments, etc.) at...journal article 2018
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Nordhoff, S. (author), de Winter, J.C.F. (author), Kyriakidis, M. (author), van Arem, B. (author), Happee, R. (author)Shuttles that operate without an onboard driver are currently being developed and tested in various projects worldwide. However, there is a paucity of knowledge on the determinants of acceptance of driverless shuttles in large cross-national samples. In the present study, we surveyed 10,000 respondents on the acceptance of driverless vehicles...journal article 2018
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Melman, T. (author), Abbink, D.A. (author), van Paassen, M.M. (author), Boer, E.R. (author), de Winter, J.C.F. (author)We conceptually replicated three highly cited experiments on speed adaptation, by measuring drivers’ experienced risk (galvanic skin response; GSR), experienced task difficulty (self-reported task effort; SRTE), and safety margins (time-to-line-crossing; TLC) in a single experiment. The three measures were compared using a nonparametric index...journal article 2018
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de Winter, J.C.F. (author), Dreger, F.A. (author), Huang, W. (author), Miller, A (author), Soccolich, S. (author), Ghanipoor Machiani, S. (author), Engström, J. (author)We provide a brief comment on the work of Martinussen et al. (2017), who studied the relationships between self-reported driving behavior, registered traffic offences, and registered crash involvement. It is argued that if the number of crashes is small, then the correlation with crashes is also small. Our analysis of the SHRP2 naturalistic...journal article 2018
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Arkenbout, E.A. (author), de Winter, J.C.F. (author), Ali, Anas (author), Dankelman, J. (author), Breedveld, P. (author)Iterative prototyping is costly and time-consuming. Particularly when designing medical instruments, human factors related design choices significantly impact performance and safety. A tool is presented that allows for the evaluation of steerable instrument controls before the onset of the prototyping stage. The design tool couples gestural...journal article 2018
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Heikoop, D.D. (author), de Winter, J.C.F. (author), van Arem, B. (author), Stanton, Neville A. (author)Previous research shows that drivers of automated vehicles are likely to engage in visually demanding tasks, causing impaired situation awareness. How mental task demands affect situation awareness is less clear. In a driving simulator experiment, 33 participants completed three 40-min runs in an automated platoon, each run with a different...journal article 2018
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Rodríguez Palmeiro, A. (author), Van der Kint, S. (author), Vissers, Luuk (author), Farah, H. (author), de Winter, J.C.F. (author), Hagenzieker, Marjan (author)Automated vehicles (AVs) will be introduced on public roads in the future, meaning that traditional vehicles and AVs will be sharing the urban space. There is currently little knowledge about the interaction between pedestrians and AVs from the point of view of the pedestrian in a real-life environment. Pedestrians may not know with which...journal article 2018
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de Winter, Alexander (author), Baldi, S. (author)This work is meant to report on activities at TU Delft on the design and implementation of a path-following system for an autonomous Toyota Prius. The design encompasses: finding the vehicle parameters for the actual vehicle to be used for control design; lateral and longitudinal controllers for steering and acceleration, respectively. The...journal article 2018
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Kovacsova, N. (author), Cabrall, C.D.D. (author), Antonisse, S.J. (author), De Haan, T. (author), van Namen, R. (author), Nooren, J.L. (author), Schreurs, R. (author), Hagenzieker, Marjan (author), de Winter, J.C.F. (author)Research indicates that crashes between a cyclist and a car often occur even when the cyclist must have seen the approaching car, suggesting the importance of hazard anticipation skills. This study aimed to analyze cyclists’ eye movements and crossing judgments while approaching an intersection at different speeds. Thirty-six participants...journal article 2018
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Eriksson, A. (author), de Winter, J.C.F. (author), Stanton, Neville A. (author)Driving simulators have been used since the beginning of the 1930s to assist researchers in assessing driver behaviour without putting the driver in harm’s way. The current manuscript describes the implementation of a toolbox for automated driving research on the widely used STISIM platform. The toolbox presented in this manuscript allows...journal article 2018
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Bazilinskyy, P. (author), Petermeijer, S.M. (author), Petrovych, V. (author), Dodou, D. (author), de Winter, J.C.F. (author)An important research question in the domain of highly automated driving is how to aid drivers in transitions between manual and automated control. Until highly automated cars are available, knowledge on this topic has to be obtained via simulators and self-report questionnaires. Using crowdsourcing, we surveyed 1692 people on auditory,...journal article 2018
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Eisma, Y.B. (author), Cabrall, C.D.D. (author), de Winter, J.C.F. (author)In pioneering work, Senders (1983) tasked five participants to watch a bank of six dials, and found that glance rates and times glanced at dials increase linearly as a function of the frequency bandwidth of the dial&#x0027;s pointer. Senders did not record the angle of the pointers synchronously with eye movements, and so could not assess...journal article 2018
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Shyrokau, B. (author), de Winter, J.C.F. (author), Stroosma, O. (author), Dijksterhuis, C. (author), Loof, Jan (author), van Paassen, M.M. (author), Happee, R. (author)Steering systems of trucks consist of many linkages, which introduce nonlinearities that may negatively affect steering performance. Nowadays, it is possible to equip steering systems with actuators that provide artificial steering characteristics. However, before new steering systems are deployed in real vehicles, evaluation in a safe and...journal article 2018
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Abbink, D.A. (author), Carlson, Tom (author), Mulder, M. (author), de Winter, J.C.F. (author), Aminravan, Farzad (author), Gibo, T.L. (author), Boer, E.R. (author)Shared control is an increasingly popular approach to facilitate control and communication between humans and intelligent machines. However, there is little consensus in guidelines for design and evaluation of shared control, or even in a definition of what constitutes shared control. This lack of consensus complicates cross fertilization of...journal article 2018