Factors Influencing the Economic Feasibility of Unmanned Ships

The research effort into unmanned and autonomous ships has increased significantly over the last decade. Although not all required technology is currently commercially available, consensus is that from a technical standpoint, unmanned shipping is possible. The next question is: is it economically feasible to operate an unmanned ship. The...

Obsolescence – understanding the underlying processes

Obsolescence, defined as the process of declining performance of buildings, is a serious threat for the value, the usefulness and the life span of built properties. Thomsen and van der Flier (2011) developed a model in which obsolescence is categorised on the basis of two distinctions, i.e. between endogenous and exogenous cause-effect...

Anaerobic dynamic membrane bioreactors for high strength wastewater treatment

A laboratory scale external anaerobic dynamic membrane bioreactor (AnDMBR) treating high strength wastewater was operated to assess the effect of gas sparging velocity and organic loading rate on removal efficiency and dynamic membrane (DM) filtration characteristics. An increase in gas sparging velocity (GSV) results in a decrease in DM...