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de Winter, J.C.F. (author), Petermeijer, S.M. (author), Kooijman, L. (author), Dodou, D. (author)Several papers by Eckhard Hess from the 1960s and 1970s report that the pupils dilate or constrict according to the interest value, arousing content, or mental demands of visual stimuli. However, Hess mostly used small sample sizes and undocumented luminance control. In a first experiment (N = 182) and a second preregistered experiment (N =...journal article 2021
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Oudshoorn, Max (author), de Winter, J.C.F. (author), Bazilinskyy, P. (author), Dodou, D. (author)Various external human-machine interfaces (eHMIs) have been proposed that communicate the intent of automated vehicles (AVs) to vulnerable road users. However, there is no consensus on which eHMI concept is most suitable for intent communication. In nature, animals have evolved the ability to communicate intent via visual signals. Inspired by...journal article 2021
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Bazilinskyy, P. (author), Kooijman, L. (author), Dodou, D. (author), de Winter, J.C.F. (author)External human-machine interfaces (eHMIs) may be useful for communicating the intention of an automated vehicle (AV) to a pedestrian, but it is unclear which eHMI design is most effective. In a crowdsourced experiment, we examined the effects of (1) colour (red, green, cyan), (2) position (roof, bumper, windshield), (3) message (WALK, DON'T...journal article 2021
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Doubek, F.H. (author), Salzmann, Falk (author), de Winter, J.C.F. (author)Future vehicles may drive automatically in a human-like manner or contain systems that monitor human driving ability. Algorithms of these systems must have knowledge of criteria of good and safe driving behavior with regard to different driving styles. In the current study, interviews were conducted with 30 drivers, including driving...journal article 2021
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Pouran, Behdad (author), Raoof, Amir (author), de Winter, D. A.Matthijs (author), Arbabi, V. (author), Bleys, Ronald L.A.W. (author), Beekman, F.J. (author), Zadpoor, A.A. (author), Malda, Jos (author), Weinans, Harrie (author)Recent insights suggest that the osteochondral interface plays a central role in maintaining healthy articulating joints. Uncovering the underlying transport mechanisms is key to the understanding of the cross-talk between articular cartilage and subchondral bone. Here, we describe the mechanisms that facilitate transport at the osteochondral...journal article 2021
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Onkhar, V. (author), Bazilinskyy, P. (author), Stapel, J.C.J. (author), Dodou, D. (author), Gavrila, D. (author), de Winter, J.C.F. (author)Non-verbal communication, such as eye contact between drivers and pedestrians, has been regarded as one way to reduce accident risk. So far, studies have assumed rather than objectively measured the occurrence of eye contact. We address this research gap by developing an eye contact detection method and testing it in an indoor experiment with...journal article 2021
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de Winter, J.C.F. (author), Stanton, Neville (author), Eisma, Y.B. (author)The last decade has seen a surge of driving simulator research on automation-to-manual take-overs. In this commentary, we argue that most research within the take-over paradigm bears little resemblance to real automated driving. Furthermore, we claim that results within this paradigm could already be known based on published research from the...journal article 2021
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Kolekar, S.B. (author), Petermeijer, S.M. (author), Boer, E.R. (author), de Winter, J.C.F. (author), Abbink, D.A. (author)Quantifying drivers’ perceived risk is important in the design and evaluation of the behaviour of automated vehicles (AVs) and in predicting takeovers by the driver. A ‘Driver's Risk Field’ (DRF) function has been previously shown to be able to predict manual driving behaviour in several simulated scenarios. In this paper, we tested if the...journal article 2021
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Tabone, W. (author), Lee, Yee Mun (author), Merat, Natasha (author), Happee, R. (author), de Winter, J.C.F. (author)The future urban environment may consist of mixed traffic in which pedestrians interact with automated vehicles (AVs). However, it is still unclear how AVs should communicate their intentions to pedestrians. Augmented reality (AR) technology could transform the future of interactions between pedestrians and AVs by offering targeted and...conference paper 2021
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Melman, T. (author), Visser, P. (author), Mouton, Xavier (author), de Winter, J.C.F. (author)Modern computerized vehicles offer the possibility of changing vehicle parameters with the aim of creating a novel driving experience, such as an increased feeling of sportiness. For example, electric vehicles can be designed to provide an artificial sound, and the throttle mapping can be adjusted to give drivers the illusion that they are...journal article 2021
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Driessen, T. (author), Picco, Angèle (author), Dodou, D. (author), de Waard, Dick (author), de Winter, J.C.F. (author)Vehicles are increasingly equipped with sensors that capture the state of the driver, the vehicle, and the environment. These developments are relevant to formal driver testing, but little is known about the extent to which driving examiners would support the use of sensor data in their job. This semi-structured interview study examined the...journal article 2021
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Sripada, Anirudh (author), Bazilinskyy, P. (author), de Winter, J.C.F. (author)It may be necessary to introduce new modes of communication between automated vehicles (AVs) and pedestrians. This research proposes using the AV’s lateral deviation within the lane to communicate if the AV will yield to the pedestrian. In an online experiment, animated video clips depicting an approaching AV were shown to participants. Each...journal article 2021
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de Winter, J.C.F. (author), Bazilinskyy, P. (author), Wesdorp, Dale (author), de Vlam, Valerie (author), Hopmans, Belle (author), Visscher, Just (author), Dodou, D. (author)We examined what pedestrians look at when walking through a parking garage. Thirty-six participants walked a short route in a parking garage while their eye movements and head rotations were recorded with a Tobii Pro Glasses 2 eye-tracker. The participants’ fixations were then classified into 14 areas of interest. The results showed that...journal article 2021
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Kaleefathullah, Anees Ahamed (author), Merat, Natasha (author), Lee, Yee Mun (author), Eisma, Y.B. (author), Madigan, Ruth (author), Garcia, Jorge (author), de Winter, J.C.F. (author)Objective: To investigate pedestrians’ misuse of an automated vehicle (AV) equipped with an external human–machine interface (eHMI). Misuse occurs when a pedestrian enters the road because of uncritically following the eHMI’s message. Background: Human factors research indicates that automation misuse is a concern. However, there is no...journal article 2020
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Bazilinskyy, P. (author), Kooijman, L. (author), Dodou, D. (author), de Winter, J.C.F. (author)Driving simulators are regarded as valuable tools for human factors research on automated driving and traffic safety. However, simulators that enable the study of human-human interactions are rare. In this study, we present an open-source coupled simulator developed in Unity. The simulator supports input from head-mounted displays, motion suits,...conference paper 2020
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Kovacsova, N. (author), Vlakveld, W. P. (author), de Winter, J.C.F. (author), Hagenzieker, Marjan (author)Research shows that the ability to anticipate safety-critical situations is predictive of safe performance in traffic. Thus far, hazard anticipation training has been developed mainly for car drivers. These training programs may not be appropriate for cyclists who are exposed to different types of hazards. This study aimed to develop a PC...journal article 2020
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Cabrall, C.D.D. (author), Stapel, J.C.J. (author), Happee, R. (author), de Winter, J.C.F. (author)Objective: We investigated a driver monitoring system (DMS) designed to adaptively back up distracted drivers with automated driving. Background: Humans are likely inadequate for supervising today’s on-road driving automation. Conversely, backup concepts can use eye-tracker DMS to retain the human as the primary driver and use computerized...journal article 2020
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Kovacsova, N. (author), Grottoli, M. (author), Celiberti, Francesco (author), Lemmens, Yves (author), Happee, R. (author), Hagenzieker, Marjan (author), de Winter, J.C.F. (author)Powered two-wheeler riders are frequently involved in crashes at intersections because an approaching car driver fails to give right of way. This simulator study aimed to investigate how riders perform an emergency braking maneuver in response to an oncoming car and, second, whether longitudinal motion cues provided by a motion platform...journal article 2020
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Lu, Z. (author), Happee, R. (author), de Winter, J.C.F. (author)In highly automated driving, drivers occasionally need to take over control of the car due to limitations of the automated driving system. Research has shown that visually distracted drivers need about 7 s to regain situation awareness (SA). However, it is unknown whether the presence of a hazard affects SA. In the present experiment, 32...journal article 2020
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Roozendaal, Jeroen (author), Johansson, Emma (author), de Winter, J.C.F. (author), Abbink, D.A. (author), Petermeijer, S.M. (author)Objective: This study aims to compare the effectiveness and subjective acceptance of three designs for haptic lane-keeping assistance in truck driving. Background: Haptic lane-keeping assistance provides steering torques toward a reference trajectory, either continuously or only when exceeding a bandwidth. These approaches have been...journal article 2020