Scaling of the Steady-State Load Flow Equations for Multi-Carrier Energy Systems

Coupling single-carrier networks (SCNs) into multi-carrier energy systems (MESs) has recently become more important. Steady-state load flow analysis of energy systems leads to a system of nonlinear equations, which is usually solved using the Newton-Raphson method (NR). Due to various physical scales within a SCN, and between different SCNs...